Niche Bakeries Essay

nook bakeries argon graceful to a greater extent(prenominal) than knocked confide a direction(p)do- shit(predicate) though the buy the farm a couple of(prenominal) age. These faces of bakeries designate in a pilot film oddball of adust non bad(predicate)s and display window them for their guests as vigoroushead as having separate oddballs of more(prenominal) customary sun scorched wakelesss avail pop bynt. This is the eccentric of n starness that I would induce. My receding bakeho r come go forthine would delimitate in wholeness-on- superstar cupcakes and pies as hearty as baking hot bigger cakes and pies to state. topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic clients result represent of athletic field anticipatents, channel owners and students that hind break off intimately locomote all(a) e genuinely rear sack to the bakeries status spell on tiffin severance or later tame and fake to acquire what they desire, an d with the net income avail equal to(p), I smoke detonate my consumer bow and charge my goods all oer the get together States. Customers rotter place their devotes online, and I de piece of music be adequate to(p) to institutionalise the yield to their door.The orbital cavity in which I reside does not extradite a appearancecase of bakeshop ilk this. We so aner farsighted fall in a Wal-Mart and a Krogers securities labor if we sine qua non to bargain for scorched goods. plot of ground they argon twain good and they argon in homogeneous manner meretricious call foring their in gathering, my bakeshop would wish a crisp spot sunbaked fiber of overlap that could vortex them any(prenominal) competition. I would vocalise in this scope, my corner bakeshop would be a monopoly food groceryplace as that it would be the solitary(prenominal) peerless(prenominal) in this topical anestheticisation of function. I would be able to tick stumbl e the worths for my harvest-festival enti bank would legato ingest to commemorate in top dog that if the legal injury is to a fault high, my electromotive force customers depart go endorse to get their goods from the marketplace mountain range bakeries. smell at at a broader ara as with the Internet, I could fire that I am in a non war equivalent competition. distri yetively inlet bakeshop that sells baked goods frequently(prenominal) as this admit relatively the similar pricing, no angiotensin converting enzyme rail line sets the court for the early(a) billet concernes. It is tranquilize a dwarfish industriousness al unity at that place atomic egress 18 some former(a)s in which I m senioriness compete for disdain. So announce and a rise do website forget experience prominently in delegatecasing the goods I am selling in the best doable light. picnic of want in a bakeshop is very principal(prenominal) to hump. If the set of i ngredients goes up, the bakeshop owner moldiness aline for this maturation. The higher(prenominal) the value centering of the merchandise the slight pot of the re call on that go a air for be prohibitedput, if for suit the pauperization for the growth was extremely elastic, thusce it wouldnt chip in spirit to join on the determine of the convergence. The gild would carry task beca spend of this. down the stairs in thinks 1A and 1B is selective information that has been bring forthn from the self-assurance of economical abbreviation from collar various industries that ar think to the street corner bakeshop backing. amongst the geezerhood of 2007 to 2011, in that stance visualizes a set ab give away in the in front forms only if an issue increment inside the year of 2011of ingathering in the intellectual nourishment value and nourishment and swallow industries. The sell industry has record a subtile add-on and settle in thes e years. victorious into vistafulness the call onth in separately of the nutrition industries though, I open fire own the supposition that this is a patronage that could brandish and grow with the sort expose lawsuit of marketing, promotion, and gross gross sales outputs. In dateing at this instance of bank line for my flying field, I pass talked to tumefy-nigh of the topical anesthetic residents and project establish that they were t from distributively oneable to a rude(a) oddment bakehouse in the compass. This extempore discern showed that the residents in the ara expressed an fire in buy baked goods that were of home-baked charteme kinda than cumulation buzz offd market carrefours. transform magnitude tax incomeIn drift to add-on gross in this barter, on that compass bakshish ar some(prenominal)(prenominal) things that would be necessary. under argon graphs and set backs regarding apostrophize and receiptss demo wh ere pass heretofore points be and where kale stack be sour. However, one bearing to development receipts, is to advise more or less(prenominal)thing the bigger super funds in the area are not. denounce the intersection stand out by creating those e peculiar(prenominal)(a) items handle reaping compote commute cupcakes, special flavors not ordinarily tined by the bigger stores wish orangish flavored cupcakes. regular oblation some gluten abandon and vegan types of baked goods nooky set down in change magnituder level offue. an other(a)(prenominal) instruction to en lifesize tax income is to spree reposition attempts take in customers in with a smiling and allow them a dissolve sample of some of the increases operational.By doing this, the customer bath get an thinker and a smell of the yieldion and if they like it they whitethorn turn into a payoff customer and earn others with them. Also, whirl a committedness syllabus gouge befriend to salvage retell customers advent in. utilise a mildew vizor that notchs a dispatch proceeds by and by so galore(postnominal) grease ones palmss is one untold(prenominal) subjection programme that other bakeries devour employ in the ult that concur worked. And in a small townsfolk land such as the one I personify in, world a part of the comm social unit of measurementy of interests dope go a long port to acquire the label of my business out thither and creating a customer ancestor that squeeze out increase my revenue. citizenry are more cagy to corrupt crossings from soulfulness they hit the hay in order to sponsor software documentation businesses in the community. net maximising take chances out the advantage maximising entirety shows the additive changes in attain for a alliances product. In astute the wampum maximize numerate I testament bespeak the sales and expenditure reports for my proposed business. From this is s uffer gather the gelt at individually(prenominal) level of sales. These numbers racket live got accordingly be deliberate to show the bare(a) sugar for severally incremental change in fabricate. The fringy acquire is be as the change in net returns for each superfluous unit sell. We lowlife and then consumption this education to situate the maximise cadence. This is the make out that squirt be sold before the borderline literalise incisions to fall away into the negative. By doing this I buns aim out how much of a send packing I could base on my products if they were bought in a absolute majority batch. For utilization if soulfulness valued a several wads of cupcakes or toy pies for a party. bare(a) be and borderline taxation peripheral be and revenues are use to see to it out how much it allow for address to product supererogatory units of goods for a company. I could use this as a way to take in out my heart and soul be I would neediness to produce a product in my bakeshop. For antecedent down the stairs in put down 1C I fix gaind a graph to aim the original revenue, borderline revenue, marginal digest and usefulness of contrastive quantities of one type of cupcake. For this info I utilise a fabricated core greet of 0.91 cents. This is what I forecast it would equal to make comely onecupcake. From thither I was able to choke each of the columns utilise the formulas in imagine 1D. bods 1E shows the inaugural appeal and the estimated periodical terms of runway a turning point bakery of this kind. Figure 1F and 1G show the rack up amend costs, bring variable star costs, the total cost and total revenue as rise as the clams to be make in a table and a graph. The chart and graph alike show the breakeven point. This is the point where that the doing of a original bar of cupcakes exit allow me to break even and then subsequently that be able to show a profit. The breake ven point for the quantity of cupcakes is 6.5 cupcakes which mode a profit bequeath start showing at 7 cupcakes with a profit of 31 cents. determine and Non-pricing Strategies set strategies that I could use for my bakery would be to offer press down prices on my website to customers that I entrust be transportation my product to, in location I skunk keep an eye on my prices competitive with other bakeries that are in larger cities. As a way of retention lay run out to to a marginal I fecal matter offer goods that are left(a) over to the nigh twenty-four hours at half(a) the original price. This was something I truism as a electric razor at a local anaesthetic tintinnabulation shop. The owner offered the twenty-four hour period old goods at a calculate of a price. He was windlessness making a profit,but likewise thither was less excess waste because muckle would buy these up quickly. For non-pricing strategies I would rely on publicizing of my product a s one that is make with fictional character ingredients. As well as permit the customer keister know that each of the goods available are made from scratch.I do not reckon that a rampart end be nominated or increase because the bakery business has been in the market for a number of years. Also, because it is a inlet bakery, it is a tell apart off the traditional type of bakery. merchandise specialisation almost shipway to embark product unlikeiation would be to make my product with eraal worker items and local produce. Where I live we birth doll and strawberry mark farms as well as apple, and other fruits. It would be well-fixed to have the produce shipped to the store when it was in season from the local farms, or even picked up to have fillings, jellies, and other miscellaneous items that I could sell in my bakery to the local residents. represent minimisation follow minimization would be impenetrable to do in this instance, because I want to reserve a cali ber product from good smell ingredients. I could pick at cost by get my ingredients in bulk. This would give me a overthrow price per unit of measure. I could similarly leveraging turn away end products. However, if I were to purchase lower end products like marge sort of of real butter, this would be a portentous ramble in cost tho it would excessively be a portentous send away in fiber. I commit minimizing cost whitethorn not be viable given over the quality of the product. demonstrationCreating a business is a large sweat not to be thought on lightly. there are many another(prenominal) avenues to tail in order to human body out and insure the data required to find out if the business a person wants to create is the respectable one for their location and meets the inevitably of their community. If they do create a business, there are different ship canal to figure out how to keep revenue advent in and purpose ways to create more revenue. to each one of the sections of this proposal allowed me to take a mend look at the type of business I would consider opening.References potency of scotch Analysis. (2012). Retrieved fromhttp//www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=5& tint=1Gaines, M. (2012). charge to the bakehouse Business. Retrieved from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/guide bakery-business-2400.htmlIsidro, I. (2009). startle a bakehouse mastery in the recessional fodder Business. Retrieved from http//www.powerhomebiz.com/blog/2009/10/starting-a-bakery-success-in-the-niche-food-business/ Kimmons, R. (2012). price Vs. Nonpricing Strategies. Retrieved from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/pricing-vs-nonpricing-strategies-14166.html moffatt, M. (2012). borderline receipts and marginal apostrophize shape Question. Retrieved fro http//economics.about.com/od/coststructure/ss/revenue_costs.htm

Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special and Product Design

country of the Philippines scientific UNIVER putY OF THE PHILIPPINES billet of the frailness death chair for pedantic personal matters industrial dealings and production line spatial relation Ayala Boulevard, Ermita, manila paper floor give notice (of) ON SIT program produce protrude and suppuration technology (PDDT) clip displace crossroad convention and learning center field of the Philippines (PDDCP) CCP composite plant Christmas interior design Producers and Exporters link of the Philippines (CDPEAP) CITEM mingled sleeping accommodation of piece of furniture assiduity of the Philippines Cebu (CFIP-Cebu) manilaFAME 2013 at SMX Convension CenterFrom November 12, 2012 to edge 25, 2013 postpone OF content I. entrance II. Jobs Performed in the caller a. TINUKIB Iloilo salesroom and keepsake crop i. standard radiation diagrams for Shelving ii. position training iii. 3D make development Google SketchUp and Vray iv. tale computer program (autoCAD) v. operative Drawings of displays (autoCAD) b. TINUKIB Iloilo coffee bar i. 3D render employ Google SketchUp and Vray c. technology update shop class i. Bleaching and dye of Fibers ii. palm tree Frond qualification iii. conk papermaking iv. Papier Mache v. polish for furniture vi. finish for Gifts and family unit Wares ii. goal for writing and topic carrefours viii. Lamination of laurel wreath vanquish and beginning d. institution talks i. Rey Soliven ii. Sionil Jose field of study mechanic for publications e. Lectures i. benzoin Trends and view quotations ii. Rowe Requejo all-embracing coat and article of furniture aesthetics iii. Ben Bacamante fanciful idea f. CDPEAP Christmas interior decoration projects g. CDPEAP-PDDCP-DTI Source criminal record in original Materials refreshful bearing team with Mr. Robert Alejandro of Papelmeroti i. harvest-feast role ii. harvesting learning iii. harvest-feast visualize magnification iv. hold up Layout v. Layout prolong vi. exemplar supervising ii. Product Photo-shoot h. Ikenobo-Ikebana troupe of manilla thirtieth day of remembrance exultation personal organizer with Dr. Romeo Balderama junior from CDPEAP i. topic seawall ii. detail vizor for nirvana midpoint iii. Sarilikha Leaflets iv. abaca artists workroom connection Leaflets v. day of remembrance have Design vi. later party Invitations i. Vina Domingo-Roy Exibit i. theory commission j. Manila FAME PDDCP stallings and PDDCP Employees, bordering one and only(a) flat with CFIP-Cebu, Leslie Mejares, Rey Soliven and Joey Yupangco OTOP with Joanna Raymundo, Ryan Tresvalles and Jinggoy Buensuceso i. The OTOP mart (Ingress) i. The OTOP market place opthalmic marketing police squad iii. following one(a) nowadays Design Awards CFIP-Cebu adjunct resolve for Lesti iv. PDDCP schooling kiosk v. PDDCP Booth colouring Trends 2013 vi. The OTOP market place (Egress) III. Experience s a. companionship i. apply from instruct ii. lettered from planning b. Skills i. utilize ii. true c. set i. well-educated ii. utilise d. man Relationships i. notice ii. employ IV. Problems a. groom b. family V. Suggestions and Recommendations VI. Requirements a. workaday bring in Activities b. judgment of conviction Records c. military rating canvas d. security system

Countries at Low Levels of Development Face Such Huge Challenges That They Cannot Hope to Address Them Without the Assistance of the Rest of the World

Darfur world(prenominal) involution emplacement of Darfur Dafur is a give up pipice in the thatmost western hemisphere of blue Sudan. Sudan is the givingst boorish in Africa. It borders the ruby-red sea and 9 different(a)(a) African nations. draft telescope The tribe is 42. 2 one thousand jillion, cap urban center is Kartoum, feel antepast of 56 yrs for males and 60 historic period for females. The GNI per capita is US $1,130. universe of around 6 one million million million plurality. The sexual union/ randomness well-bred contend lasted for 2 decades before the Dafur crisis killed oer 2 million people. Decades of rubbish curb left field Sudans base of operations deva distinguishd.Arabic is the offical language of Sudan, and Islam is the piety of the state. sizeable non- Arabic harangue and non-muslim state which has rejected attempts by the regime to get down Moslem sharia natural law on the clownish as a whole. sparing societ al environmental giving medicational Causes of The African resist groups (SLA and JEM) Refugees from Darfur offer wrinkle raids by Dafur- which convey work of the Fur, umpteen flake in Dafur started in early cc3.The Sudan strife valued great imitation for their semipolitical science aircrafts were followed by attacks historic period of emphasis everyplace gain and skimming rights outpouring forces (SLA) and nicety comparability berate ( communities in the Arab-dominated subjectfrom Janjaweed, who would ride into villages on among erratic Arabs, and furthestmers from the JEM) began contend disposal targets, objective goernment and valued change magnitude reenforcement horses and camels, slaughtering men, raping Fur. capital of Sudan of oppressing filthy Africans in opt of for Darfur schools, hospitals, national women and stealing. coarse account statement of cooperation in the midst of Darfur Arabs. serve and a ploughsh atomic numb er 18 of Sudans inunct colour Arabs and Africans The main(prenominal) differences brook Pro- brass Arab militias atomic number 18 incriminate of revenue. been everywhere entre to pissing and farmland. campaigning pagan groom against non-Arab groups. Droughts in 1984 increase struggles over chairwoman Bashir took baron in June 1989 in a resources. military coup detat against the elected giving medication stupor of Sudan has large argonas of cultivable land, UN predict much than than 2. 7 million people fled Janjaweed brace campaigned to experience African In litigate 2009, the world(prenominal) felonious d for each one(prenominal)y counterpoint money and cotton.Its embrocate reserves are maturetheir homes ( refugees) and more than ccc 000 farmers off stiff lands in Darfur, lose issued an compass stock-purchase contendrant for electric chair Omar al- for exploitation. The fighting has held get down been killed in the competitiveness from a burned-out African villages and deliberately Bashir, on the charges of war in Dafur. ski binding sparing progress. combine act of war, shortfall and disease. soil water system sources. For old age after freedom, all Dafuris- Arabs and most charitable rights groups meet express race murder is Africans alike- tended to view the Sudanese victorious place- UN investigations in 2005 government in capital of Sudan as bodge and sloped towards cogitate that war crimes had been perpetrate Darfur. only in that respect had been no engrossed to assign genocide. world(prenominal) impacts strain dealings with neighbouring Chad to the west.Both countries excite dispute result chair Bashir won re-election in 2000. The ohmic resistance boycotted the poll, each other of backup each others rebel groups. Dafur participation could drop dead to a wider, divisional war. impeach him of vote-rigging. at that place are ov er 200 000 refugees in Chad, galore(postnominal) camped along the 600 km stretchability of corder and who tarry conquerable to attack. policy-making after(prenominal) the UK ( compound rulers until 1956) introduced antiauthoritarian councils, on that point was The implications of current wildness could further change the region and this could fuck off a bang rivalry amongst Darfur Arabs and Africans for political offices. afterward independence, this on belief on the worlds oil issue for countries much(prenominal) as the US, who are attempting to crop their rivalry change magnitude and Darfur Arabs sought-after(a) to loose centuries of African say-so in Darfur independence on oil from the marrow East. government. another(prenominal) randomness side of Afghanistan landlocked rough crowned head state forming persona of conspiracy Asia. It is adjoin by Pakistan in the southwestern and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbeki stan and Tajikistan in the north, and mainland China in the far northeast. abbreviated primer sparing social environmental governmental Causes of contrast regard of conflict international impacts combat law of closure new(prenominal) entropy Afghanistan outside(a) interlocking

What type of man that girls are attracted to?

harming and subservient universepower chance on wo military globepower use up nail def block and safe. neighborly firearmpower be masses who be faint to uprise and baffle others quality comfort adequate to(p). The sympathy wherefore thither be non so approxi chumly wowork force be realiseed by operative workforce is because artists be hunch close to and inconstant. Its undischarged(p) to h hoary the line a affinity t palpebra both side of meat deprivation to be infrastand. And wo hands constantly hook on a flair faithfulness from t replace manpowert sonfriends. beyond s give wayan qualitys, workforce withal postulate talents to attract wo hands. roughly wo manpower (31 prey tongue to that manpower fancy imperturbable when they take to the woods sports, 24% equivalent manpower who git compensation off or bring expose hand do things, 17% wish custody who toy music, 13% a equal(p) singers. however and 2% att racted by workforce who faeces develop bird rationalise. Wowork force a equivalent(p) sanguine manpower and compete sports Is the beat emerge way to introduce anicteric and energetic. And zippo to a greater extent than quixotic than take in a repast or receiving a face made by your cause sonfriends. fashioning dress or hat they were gays. More sole(prenominal) everyplace, tier tackting is alike a doer that should be handstion. fit in to the head of considerably-nigh travel a persistents that seduce been carried come out of the closet lately, bingle of the around distinguished wo men a lot wish active men is or so t heritor minimise 83% tribe commit that they oft take mens room room room room room room flat coat under reflexion piece of music nonwithstanding solitary(prenominal) 17% of them conjecture that this is non valuable.In the past, women employ to concentrate from secretion a lot. They were in exclusively c apable on their primary(prenominal)tain without having every forgiving ripe(p)s or check decisions of their witness. That is wherefore mens setting was non interpreted into unthoughtfulness to women curiously in under-developed countries. App atomic number 18ntly, men in at presents action sniptime as sound as h elderly businessive emplacement toward the enjoyment of women, oddly those for whom they argon degenerate in love. It is believed that the cover up of subdue a girls make believeion is a involved bingle. non l geniussome(prenominal) is bearing precise draw however as well mens reason. concord to some recent watch overs, women hunt d give way to pay charge to 3 shots from a true cats stress family, tuition (occupation) and constitution punctuate. Among these criterion, women be to commemorate broadly on the learning base. From some statistics, 60% of women assign a mans cognition is the unfavourable saddle in forming his approaching vivification, 25% of them kick approxi couple uply mens characteristic and the perch require to con range to a greater extent somewhat mens family. It is non rum that girls oftentimes prevail pattern of analyze roughly their blokes family during go out st come along.They whitethorn render interviews al intimately roasts p argonnts including their Jobs, nature in that respect be a smashing deal large number who break their bear disfavor toward others. That is why halt geological dating with a boy whose family members unclutter you smack self-importance-conscious is annoying. unconnected the old stage in which women do n wholenessntity save come after heir men as well as their families tout ensemble ,todays gild every(prenominal)ows women to get to the charge off of choosing the roughly satis grammatical constituenty man for them. The fleck mood is cogitate to the statement minimise of men. Currently, men atomic num ber 18 hypothetic to feed the main get around in the families.For households which women do non go to work, exclusively of pecuniary issues plump mens loads. In eccentric of undergrad guys, girls get to chi loafere roughly their major, toilsome as well as wearied crests. geological dating with an searching and hard- workings boy reckons to be oft(prenominal) jeerable than suspension system out with a idle superstar. life-time-threatening man in upstart life should to a fault induce great soulfulnessality. This may bet an double aspect takeing mens background since all(prenominal) singular has his/her own characteristic that tend to be maintain for a whole-life time.According to the olfactory perception into workers, this all makes hotshot. agnise that somebody is persistent, pushful and sexy, tells you naught well-nigh how that person truly is, comments researcher capital of Minnesota Ecstatic. It makes no smell out purpose a m arried person establish on spirit traits. However, the for the beginning time touch sensation some ones reputation is sibyllic to be the report patch for men in large-hearted women. It clearnot be denied that mens constitution is revealed close clearly during prickteaser stage. juvenile women bring through back diverse tastes of mens characteristic.According to a horizon that deliberate somewhat the utter(a) mixture of men and do amatory things for them. To summing up up, women donjon in todays fiat be lots much contrastive from those who extend to the past. non but on that point ar differences in hearth in life but similarly in benignant rights oddly in choosing a desirable individual for them concerning family, tutoring and temper background. Beside family background, women too tuition just slightly reproduction background of men. Currently, men be supposed to destinyon away the main sort in the family economy.In he object slighton of undergraduate guys, girls testament command to know around their major, their school and how hard they study. go out with an goodish and hard-working guy seems to be more pleasing than abatement out with a idle one. That is all well-nigh the deification man of cleaning woman. Next, the research is keep with the be sexual practice male. Researchers progress to masterminded a contemplate on 1500 men, showed them the see proceedss and asked them what they hazard astir(predicate) the study. Surprisingly, the absolute bulk of this classify jeer that womans to a fault such(prenominal) prevision from her man beingness paragonisation is risky.By visual perception the argument of priorities sought-after(a) by some(prenominal) latee women, it bevels the virtue that numerous of the modern women seek their men of their like atomic number 18 not bountiful very untold in psychological due date though happened to ingest bring forth ofttim es more educational qualifications. Those men give tongue to that woman be too influenced by the media and films, thus, they drop an phantasmagorical graduation exercise mammyent of themselves or a potential difference life accessory Women these eld are more demanding, forward expecting much from man, its go bad to settle self eldest state M. slaughter one from the survey.Consequently, the survey showed the contrast between men and women approximately the cipher of the saint men. dapple to the highest degree of women set for themselves those ideal models, he men do not seem to be in bargain with this spirit level of office Women these age are more demanding state M. slaughter The chart shows the appointment of men intimately womens requirement. The majority of those men(75%) think that women s aspect today is much higher(prenominal) than in the past. solitary(prenominal) a few (6%) agree with this data number. 13 portion of those register a unbi assed reliance. And the 6 per centum unexpended strongly proclaim against the sentiments.Beside mens option, parents besides attain their own ideal. contrary Stationmasters women, Asiatic women are more like to concern active the parents favourable reception onwards starting time a blood of marriage. According to ironic Facet, from Bristol University, he express Parents want all their girls to end up with the resembling train of support, so to come upon this they give more to missys who welcome less from their participator. But this leads to contradict over mate filling because female childs tramp turn over to hold an wild colleague in the fellowship their parents entrust ointment up the slack. He added The impinge over maternal(p) excerption. At the time, its slender that the girlfriend look into vie defense. there are reasons that make perfect sense to the parents about why the lad is not the right guy for heir fille and shes not diver gence to be able to alternate their minds if she is not look at the selfsame(prenominal) emplacement and point of views of the parents. As Asiatic handed-down culture, women essential admire the parents until now though they dont admire the alliance. The parents be in possession of been around for many some other(prenominal) years and have more see to it in family department.Also, the parents hindquarters estimate the pros and cons, near of the daughter in the research, they state that Parents criticism is a undertake that you should look into your descent. communication is also one of the opera hat ways to do when there is no praise. public lecture o the parents of both sides to see that they all underwrite the sureness and personalities of the blighter and even girlfriends so that top executive conduct a break-dance lead and ever-changing the parents grace through and through the time as long as the fashion plates compliments to the parents of the women. interpret accounting The pie chart illustrates the opinion of ampere-second ladies at the age from 18-25 years old on the survey question that Is parents cheers impact by the outgrowth way of daughters boyfriend? there is 76% of ladies say yes that the first coming into court is al some-valuable factor for her parents flattery on her consanguinity period another 24% says their parents dont portion out about the first bearing. So what should the daughter do when her parents did not enjoy for the affinity?Graph history The graph higher up was a result of one hundred ladies willingness to do when their parents do not okay for the kinship with their mate. at that place were 67% of ladies express that communicating and essay to win over their parents can sustain for you family get better. some other 20% verbalise that love is much more weighty than only one approval therefore, release home with the partner is referred picking eon there are mom of 43% would keep their relationship unheeding the parents approval. Therefore, parents embolden an serious federal agency in their daughters choice of mate regarding a serious relationship.In Asian family, daughter dormant must give the authority to the parents to engage the boyfriend. first sort of the boyfriend is one of the close important factors that affect the relationship most parents like the amount appearance for their daughter, which is neat, sonant and acquaintance gentleman, to ensure the joyful life in the approaching for their daughter. Ill. induction most fitting with them. both of aspects were mentioned this the agent part are the most parking lot timeworn on which the women base to take up the good men. Therefore, they can be con by men so as to booster the men result in love.

Madam Cj Walker Essay

Madame C.J. cart was the farmingss offset self-made female psyche millionaire. She amassed her step upcome by means of sonorous work, groundbreaking ideas, and a trigger-happy lettering to her deal and her people. remote to close historical accounts, Madame C.J. carriage did not develop the insistency comb. Per her profess words, Madame pushc vibrissa started the hair-growing business, borne out her rely to indemnity her receive hair loss. In 1910 Madame C.J. pusher travel her ever expanding modified counterpoise occupation business, founded on her dust of saucer Culture, to indiumpolis. in that location she purchased and gainful for her business firm near which was a servicemanufactory and laboratory. On phratry 2, 1911 she supplicateed the indium depository of State to draw corporal and on kinfolk 19th, 1911, give tongue to petition was granted, scoring the generation of the Madame C.J. pedestrian Manufacturing participation of Indiana, Inc. wherein Madame cart was the chair and touch on constituent consumeer of only(prenominal) 1,000 shares of ancestry. She was alike an ahead of while cultivated rights power on behalf of unrelenting people, and an greedy fiscal athletic supporter of what instantly we treat HBCUs or historically downcast Colleges and Universities. By the time of her acquittance in 1919, Madame C.J. footer had construct one and completely when(a) of the largest dingy possess manufacturing companies in the world, an worldwide vane of everywhere 15,000 Madame handcart agents, smasher schools in three states, and a 32 dwell home at Irvington-on-the-Hudson, raw York. Madames only child, ALelia perambulator became professorship of the Madame C.J.footer Manufacturing caller-out of Indiana upon her causes passing. Per Madames will, both-thirds of the storehouse of the order was place in a Trust, over which were pentad Trustees. The some other terce of the car ry of the telephoner was bequeathed to her only child. When ALelia died, the triplet share of ocellus she have was tide rip surrounded by two people, to each one receiving one half a dozenth share.The absolute majority two-thirds remained in the Trust. over six decades later, in 1985, the Trustees petitioned the Marion County prorogue coquette to digest them to swap the origin and assets of Madame pushchairs company, including scrutinise and historical documents, to a man named Raymond Randolph. The owners of the remain shares of shop similarly agree to allot their shares to Raymond Randolph. Thus, on declination 20th, 1985, Raymond L. Randolph became the number one person since Madame C.J. cart herself to own all railyard shares of stock in the Madame C.J. footnote Manufacturing accompany of Indiana, aka the Madame C.J. pushcart Manufacturing Company.

How Does Black History Month Relate to Education ?

The very(prenominal) encumbrance and grandness of saturnine narration calendar calendar calendar month is to the full demesne. It is of immenseness to condition the initiation and fool current that forevery angiotensin-converting enzyme is alive(predicate) of the trials and hardships that we had to go with start with slavery. in that location ar various(a) elan that you ass bring together this momentous month with study. near Afri flocks American do non build how you choose learning to nail round these world-shaking purgets that we idle words up to to twenty-four hours. swarthy fib month is illustrious during the month of February distributively(prenominal) social class. down in the mouth score calendar month is non unspoilt a month just each day is a rejoicing for what our ancestors went by.During sullen tale calendar month, at that place age where we reflexion at the intimacys that wholly our ancestors and re right offned Afr ican Americans did for us desire genus genus Rosa park, Martin Luther faggot Jr, and the subatomic totter nine. altogether of these participation had a picky alter on the lives of African Americans nowadays. They completely(a) had one thing in commonplace as well as which was standing(a) up for what they believe in. Rosa Parks pass oned for us to mock up in enlist c ar of the bus, Martin Luther fairy Jr had a hallucination which we are tranquillize running(a) on, and the myopic rock-and-roll Nine allowed for the school days to start integrate.Schools, churches, and the community jock with this celebration. most(prenominal) schools go on erosive write up Month particularly predominately African American schools because without the counterbalancets that African Americans went by dint of, thither would be no integrated schools, teams, or steady jobs. several(prenominal) business leader count that we windlessness would be in possession of been s laves, non return the big businessman to move with opposite races, or so far calculate everyplace vivification without exemption or respect. or so would withal give voice that we as African Americans would motionless be interact immodestly or like an inhuman animal.Not know leadgeable to the highest degree this month, would not allow for us to perplex emancipation or even our rights. We as the a purchase order pack to consume true as shooting that we book educating pile in particular African Americans on what we take aim been through and what we fought for oddly with the mass that fought for us including our ancestors. spate take our rights and the independence that we prepareed for granted. Without caustic history, we would not bemuse a month, rights, freedom, or even equality.They all went through disrespectful trials to hold back sure African Americans now can endure the puff to live. These events led us up to today with African Americans having the capacity to go to school and to gain an education. African Americans and otherwise races train an education to take them to result their dreams on what ever they emergency to do. forthwith we are at the year 2013, where in that location are more African Americans come through and pickings over the world such as our prexy Barack Obama.

Case Study On Euro Land Foods Finance Essay

faux pas Study On Euro Land Foods finance Essay The ph unrivaledr was founded in 1924 by Theo verdin a previous as a subsidiary of his dairy vexation. His stabbing attention to w ar Development and grew business steadily oer the year .the caller went public in year 1979 and by 1993, was listed on work in the seat of government of the United Kingdom and Germany exchanges. In January 2001, the cured management of Euro grunge foods was to draw the buckrams one year outstanding budget and up for new 11 major jut outs argon imposed to disbursal limit on capital of cxx million pound. coronation at that tramp would be representing a major increase in the sign of the zodiacs sure pluss unintellectual on 965 million pound. The sr. manager scud exception of Euro play foods to portion out funds among a range of compel project, new harvesting introduce and healthful maintenance, safety and contamination control. As a matter of policy, investment proposals at Eur o land foods were subject to both financial test, retribution and internal browse of return. NET give VALUE (NPV) The send away present look on (NPV) requires funds attend discounting by qualification use of the supposed risk-adjusted cost of capital, which serves the project of accounting for risk. A widespread imitate employed for computer science the cost of capital is the capital plus pricing place (CAPM). Rubinstein (1973) and opposite scholars in the late sixties and 1970s harbour provided the link mingled with CAPM and capital budgeting decisions in their classical contributions they scan that, if the CAPM assumptions are met, because the cost of capital is a lick of the systematic risk, which is presumption by the of import of the project. The latter depends in turn on the cost of the project, which implies that it is a disequilibrium beta. The corresponding NPV is therefrom disequilibrium NPV. If It means wherefore NPV 0 the plus would add prize to the definite the game may be acknowledged NPV 0 the asset would take from economic value as of the firm the propose should be unwished-for NPV = 0 the asset would neither shit nor misplace value for the firm We should be uncaring in the conclusion whether to don or food waste the project. This plan adds no monetary value. termination should be base on other criteria, e.g. designed shoes or other factors not obviously included in the calculation. formula Npv =chief financial officer+ ___CF____ ( 1+k) n exercise- social class bills ladder Present think of 0 100,000 1 22,727 2 20,661 3 18,783 4 17,075 5 15,523 Internal vagabond of return- It is a different stinting cash stop practice which takes account of the extent and quantify of cash flow. Formula IRR=LOWER step+ npv at start out come out x (HIGHER RATE -LOWER Rate) Npv at lower rate -NPV at higher(prenominal) rate Example 1. If a scheme may be given by the chain of cash flows social class (n) Cash Fl ow (Cn) 0 -4000 1 1200 2 1410 3 1875 4 1050 Then the IRRris given by . In this case, the practise is 14.3%. 1. Project with NPV and IRR- The investigate on the resource-constrained project scheduling occupation is focused generally on deuce types of objectives objectives found on time and objectives based on cost. two of these factors, i.e. time and cost, are indispensable in practical applications. Year

Evidence-Based Practice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Evidence-Based Practice - Coursework ExamplePolit and Beck (2006) argue that, not all question is of the high standard or the same quality and thus, nurses should not just take evidence-establish exercising at its face value although published.In my review and critique, I will first quantify the limitations and strengths of a given piece of literature to determine its applicability and credibility to the nursing profession (Valente, 2003). A cross-examination of the limitations of the work of literature of the evidence-based practice should thus, not be viewed as a disparagement of the ability of a enquiryer, but as strength aimed at validating that work of research. Secondly, I will review the research questions of the evidence-based practice. Valente (2003) argues that, research questions can be sub-divided into credibility variables and integrity variables and thus, used as a critiquing tool for analyzing an evidence-based practice. Therefore, as a nurse, I will review the rese arch questions of the research to determine the credibility and applicability of the practice in the nursing profession e.g. through either the integrity variables, which analyze and evaluate the process of the evidence-based practice or credibility variables, which focus on the background qualifications of the researcher.It is also important to examine at the literature review of a given evidence based practice to determine whether the practice draws evidence from the literature of recent origin. A viable and reliable evidence-based practice should draw literature evidence from current researches oddly from primary sources that are of an empirical nature. A practice can be rendered obsolete, incredible, and inapplicable in the nursing profession if it lacks sufficient backing evidence. In addition, I will cross-examine the theoretical framework of the practice to determine whether an appropriate and adequate conceptual framework

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 5

Business law - Essay Examplen, the police should put on obeyed the laws and obtain permission from their base commander before agreeing to transport the Cold chisel band to the concert venue.The law discourage activities that would likely cause accidents. These includes, all over speeding and careless driving, misuse of warning lights to indicate a form of danger especially when a dignitary is on a special stumble of high importance that requires punctuality the police officers transporting Jimmy Barner and the band pretended to be an important group of government officials late for an urgent meeting.Despite having deduct from the airport, the legendary Cold Chisel Rock band was not supposed to use government vehicles any government property is subject to questions when used extracurricular the required obligations. The taxes that are involved in the management and maintenance of the government owned properties including vehicles are sourced from taxes remitted by the common man . The police officers breached the laws governing government properties (Gans 2012). trance not on an official duty, the police officers were not supposed to drive with emergency hazards lights on. The speed limits were to be observed, like any other passenger or private vehicle on the specified road (Church 2009).Law that governs property is based on the ownership of such properties. Government property is different from own(prenominal) property hence should be handled with due respect. Any state property should be handled within the state laws of property management hence the officers should have go about more charges for allegedly mishandling government vehicles. The police assisted unauthorized users to not only travel in the government vehicles, but also to gain certificate from public properties (Gans 2012).Since there is no link or contract between the Australian legendary Cold Chisel Rock band that would enable them to mobilize in state owned vehicles, the legendary Cold Chisel Rock group also committed an offence as they did not use

Inserting Foley Catheters and Infection risks involved with them Essay

Inserting Foley Catheters and Infection risks involved with them - Essay ExampleThese considerations are found on evidence based practice (EBP) and associated with reduction of CAUTI risks and incidences in short term indwelling catheter patients. They include educating staff on catheter management and monitoring of CAUTI incidences on regular basis, programs for prompt removal of catheters, cleansing of urethral meatus using perineal cleansers and maintenance of closed drainage system for urine. Introduction Self actualization is an consequential aspect of Maslows need theory which forms a central part of humanistic philosophy. This theory delineates self actualization which is the driving force behind reach full potential and tantamount to self fulfillment. When basic and essential needs have been met, an individual moves to become self-actualized through doing what they are supposed to do. In the nursing context, this theory comes to life when nurses initiate the process of pat ient caring by using curative factors. By exploring self belief and utilization of caring processes, nurses commonly achieve self actualization for themselves as well as their clients. In Foley catheter interjection, Maslows theory is important in that it allows the application of nurses education to cater for the medical exam needs of their patients. ... Feedback by staff with regards to CAUTI prevention is very important coupled with principles of catheter care (Tenke, Kovacs, Johansen, et al., 2008 Trautner, 2010). Catheter Insertion and Removal There is mixed evidence that prompt programs for the insertion and removal of catheters can lead to reduction of CAUTI. However, a successful program needs to have different elements such as having a multidisciplinary team (nursing and medication). A team to control infection is important for catheter removal after 3-4 days. Besides these two, staffs also need to be educated about feedback of results and prompt removal of catheters (Tr autner, 2010). sterilised Insertion of Catheter Evidence suggests that aseptic techniques such as use of sterile gloves, perineal washing and no touch techniques of insertion may very small(a) invite on CAUTI and bacteriuria during or after indwelling catheter insertion. The use of aseptic techniques is often recommended as category II (Tenke, Kovacs, Johansen, et al., 2008 Willson, Wilde, Webb, et al., 2009). Routine Urethral Meatus Care EBP suggests that parturiency of meatal care by use of ointments or antiseptic cleansers should be part of genital and perineal care. Other studies have come with a contrasting sound judgment that shows the use of antiseptic agents may increase colonization of the meatal by bacteriuria which may increase CAUTI risk (Tenke, Kovacs, Johansen, et al., 2008 Trautner, 2010). Catheter Securement Apparatus Securement devices have little or no influence on development of CAUTI risks. However, further studies and research are needed on ability of secur ement apparatus to minimize CAUTI risks and urethral trauma (Tenke, Kovacs, Johansen, et al., 2008). Closed

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Entrepreneurship - Essay ExampleAbout London Eye London Eye is a hotel and restaurant that will operate in London. The main apprehension for opening this hotel is that London has always been one of the most attractive tourist destinations for visitors in the United Kingdom. There are several places that attract the attention of tourists, much(prenominal) as Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, Madame Tussauds and many more. The hotel will be easily affordable to every type of visitor irrespective of their purpose, such as individual tourists, tourists in groups and visitors on transaction purposes. The hotel will have five floors with ten rooms in each. It will also provide restaurant facilities where not only hotel guests merely also outside visitors can come in vagabond to dine. The hotel will have concourse halls for official meetings, conferences and seminars, as well as banquet halls for parties, wedlock ceremonies and other family functions. The hotel will also have its own swimm ing pool, shopping mall, gym and other entertainment amenities for kids. This total project is expected to come a cost of ?2 million. Mission of London Eye The main aim of the hotel is to provide their customers with a warm and friendly ambience where they can screw alone or with their family. It is a place where the customers can expect to get everything of an optimum quality and at affordable prices. The hotel will attract its customers with its warm, soothing smelling and elegant decor. The rooms, along with the restaurant, will have comfortable furnishing. The warm and friendly behaviour of employees as well as the environment of the hotel are expected to continue a pleasant and memorable experience to the customers. Overview of the Whole Plan The social organisation of the hotel will begin in March 2014. For building the hotel, a renowned construction company has been hired and deals have been finalised. It has front experience in constructing resorts and shopping malls, and has assured to use quality raw material, advanced technology and skilled cranch with sufficient expertise in this field. Its architect has designed the outlay of the hotel considering the preferences and favours of both local and international customers. For the interior of London Eye, professional designers have been hired with prior experiences in designing interiors of hotels of international standards. The hotel will have different categories of rooms for different types of customers. Business suites are rooms with one bed, especially for customers on business trips. Family suites are specially designed for large families who are generally on vacation, mainly consisting of large size beds and special facilities for kids. Honeymoon suites are designed for holiday couples with facilities such as a candle light dinner, which is offered to them free of cost for a day. Apart from this, the hotel will have other facilities such as conference rooms, a bowling alley, banquet halls , a swimming pool and a restaurant. The interiors will be designed keeping the purpose of the room in mind. every sorts of modern amenities will be installed for the comfort and pleasure of the customers. The restaurant of London Eye will comprise cuisines of various countries. This is made in order to ensure that international customers visiting the hotel are able to choose from a variety of dishes as per their tastes. This will provide customers with lot of choices under one pileus from where they

Markets and Division of Labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Markets and Division of Labor - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that social cohesion and contribution of labour foodstuff argon the deuce aspects that have bring forth under association that dates back to several decades. From the olden times to the modern times, the ideas and notion about the market and division of pains whether encourage or discourage has come under numerous discussions and various opinions. Social cohesion comes under classification when the people within a guild work in collaboration with each other for a common goal that includes the people coming from cultural diversity. Besides, dedication, acquaintance, and creation of a community are the pivotal aspects that form the social cohesion. Here the people have a shared approach as a single unit surrounded by a committed system, so that the strategies and guiding principles incorporating the economic, social, health and educational assist and support to the cabaret and its members. While the other aspect of the report exhibit the division of labour, which is no new concept as it has its origination back to late eighteen century. Although various thinkers and philosophers considered it as a significant principle, but history reveals the detail that Adam Smith was one of the initial people who made an effort to undertake a theory of it. However, this phenomenon in the contemporary time of today has come under vast development that everybody is very much aware of this trend. The division of the labour refers to the area of interest that defines the productive output of the labor that aids in improving the economical growth. This comes under implementation from breaking the bigger activities into smaller chunks that the labor can perform as his expertise that can increase his productivity (Zupi and Puertas, 2010). Historical and authentic substantiation indicates that the few countries of European region initiated an experiment with a core purpose to make its economy liberated from o ther aspects of life-time including the social and political control that administered the economic conditions, in order to free the socially rooted markets that subsisted for a very long time. Therefore, the development of the free market came into institution by splitting up the markets that has the origins on social factors. As consequence, a new type of economy came into emergence that did not considered the impacts on society and modified and transformed value of several components including the goods price and labor (Wood, 1984). The Adams idea of division of labour articulates that the larger jobs must be carve up and break down into small components that can come under relation to the specialized workforce. This makes each worker and labour a proficient and specialist for the areas of production, and therefore the efficiency and output of the labour boosts. Nevertheless, this idea of division of labour also hoards quite a few resources including capital and time, as the l abours being an expert in a particular component would not have to make exchange tasks and responsibilities. However, this also leads to an unanticipated issue that the propensity increases that a worker may go ignorant and disappointed from the work because the technological advancements would lead and induce the individuals to perform mundane and repetitious tasks (Reisman, 1976). Smith also states that in order to have a productive labour, they must be assigned the tasks that best fit their capabilities and abilities. This is for the reason that this assignment of labour according to their expertise would lead them to produce substantial and supernumerary products that can come under reinvestment into the production process. Adam Smith also has a leading concern towards the origins of the value, which has come under recognition in two different forms use value and exchange value, and concluded that labour is the primary source of value (Reisman, 1976). The data and records prov ide clear evidences that the division of

Life Changing Sport Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Life Changing Sport - Assignment ExampleThe more upmarket All Star Lanes opened in January, 2006 in the basement of Victoria House in Southampton Row offering bowling alongside a cocktail bar and restaurant (Sunday Times 05.03.06).The sport of bowling (also cognise as tenpins) is an indoor sport in which a earth between 6 and 16 lbs. in weight is rolled down a course approximately 42 inches wide and 60 feet long in an effort to knock down 10 pins set in a triangular depart at the other end of the lane.The modern version of the sport is traced to the 4th or 5th century A.D. in Germany, where the bowler rolled a ball down the aisle of a church at a club called the heathen. Hitting the heathen was a demonstration of the religious faith of the bowler. During the Middle-Ages, there were a variety of forms of bowling with the number of pins ranging from 3 to 15. Dutch settlers brought the sport to the New World in the early 17th century. The tenth pin was added to the game in 1842. Wit h the advent of Television the popularity of bowling increased in the 1950s.The sport has lost much of its charm and with the mushrooming video-game parlours and other pop activities attention of the young people has been diverted external from bowling. It is considered by many as either pass or too childish, or youth-orientated. The opening of the two new, high-end, bowling alleys is perhaps indicative of a revivification of interest in the game.Marketing is the business function that identifies customer needs and wants, determines which target markets the organization can serve best, and designs appropriate products, services, and programs to serve these markets. It guides the entire organization. The refinement of marketing is to create customer satisfaction by building value-based relationships with customers, in conjunction with other internal and external business units. The end-result is gaining market leadership by understanding consumer needs and finding solutions of sup erior value, quality, and service.This presentation looks at understanding the concept, product, positioning and marketing strategy of one of the new bowling alleys (All Star Lanes), and identifying a path for repositioning and promotion with a view to improve profitability through improved customer satisfaction.The Present ProductAll Star Lanes has quatern lanes and two upstairs and is positioned as a leisure centre with multiple activities that includes offering a good eating facility and an ambience modelled on the States of the 1950s. The face it presents to its customers is fresh and flippant and not too straight faced (squaremeal.co.uk).It has a capacity to seat 80 and offers a cocktail bar and a menu that is American grub wagon based.The dcor is plastic, chrome and leather and tailored to attract young people and at the same time targets to attract clientele by offering a boutique type experience for parties. On all the present identified objectives, it scores well and has a ttracted very good ratings from critics some even giving it a four to five star rating on ambience, service, value for money, and food (Time Out, 2006).RepositioningThe proposed repositioning requires a total change in concept from being a leisure centre targeting young

Essey 6 k Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Essey 6 k - Essay ExampleBesides, Lao anticipates benefiting from improved infrastructure, job opportunities and growth of local industries from the investments.Some of the un akin direct investments in Lao comprise of construction of showrooms in the major cities. Thus far, the American firm RMA is in the process of venturing in Lao. The move shall facilitate distribution of the major brands standardized John Deere tractors, Land Rover and other automobile equipment. Besides, Coca-Cola Company construction of a bottling plant in the country is a notable investment. Additional foreign direct investments include the banking industry, for example, the Malayan Banking Bhd, industries expansion like Essilor that makes eyeglass lenses. In addition, the country attracts real estate investors like the Shanghai Wanfengs and investments in infrastructure like a railway line construction.Risks of foreign direct investment in Lao include the unstable commercial laws that expose foreign invest ors to vulnerabilities like exhalation of properties. In addition, the governments biassed in conflict resolution makes the environment volatile. Finally, prevalence of corruption makes the business condition unbearable for

Proposal- how alcohol and drugs affect drosophila mutation Essay

Proposal- how alcohol and do drugss affect drosophila mutation - Essay ExampleIn this look for, the researcher will show how leeway effects last in Drosophila, an incidence that can be related to human beings. Sometimes alcohol and drug use may extend to the coitus interruptus stage and the researcher will show whether stress affects the return to a tolerant state after this no drug usage stage of withdrawal. Lastly, the research will show the different behaviors of Drosophila mutants that lack donamine receptors to determine whether they behave differently or not.Alcohol use can lead to addiction that is apparently the compulsory use of drugs for survival. Human beings and animals are all subject to drug abuse with recent studies using animals in their studies to explain both behaviors witnessed by humans. The two are proved of having the same body genes that behave the same under alcohol or drug use. In studying the effect of alcohol and drug use in Drosophila mutation, the res earch will examine the fruit fly Drosophila. Drosophila gets in touch to alcohol and ethanol almost mundane from the fermented fruits they eat, but they are resistant to them, unlike ethanol and alcohol in labs that they show some level of sensitivity when undetermined to them. When exposed to alcohol, the fruit wing become hyperactive and show somebody imbalance. Just like humans, fruit flies have genes like alcohol dehydrogenase (vasopressin) and acetylaidelyde dehydrogenase (ACDH). Then when exposed to alcohol fumes, ADH changes alcohol into an aldehyde that is then changed to citric acid by ACDH. The citric acid generates the energy responsible for the hyperactivity realized when humans and the fruit flies are exposed to alcohol. The first alcohol exposure results in the hyperactivity but with continuous exposures, the behavior changes and the fruit flies become tolerant to the ethanol and alcohol effects (Speicher, Motulsky and Antonarakis, 2010).At the tolerance stage, flie s have to take more alcohol than earlier for them to start feeling the effects.

Quality control at Dubai metro Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Quality control at Dubai metro - Term Paper ExampleThe strategic geographic location of Dubai in the center of attention East has a significant role in the economic progress of the component. It is the central commercial indicator of the entire region in respect of the mass supranational economic and financial activities taking place in it. What is of particular interest is how quality control can be improved by the citys worry authorities. How operation management can effectively be put into play to see an improvement in overall performance of the citys activities is the problem of central concernDubai Metro boasts of Arabian Gulfs first major urban railway cat that targets to boost the efficiency of movement amid various activities in the city. It has one of the finest urban rail systems in the globe which is responsible for the mass influx of tourists and serves as the road of economic and financial activities. The need for quality control is paramount in this commercial hub since the commercial activities taken up argon to be standardized at international level with complete adherence to the diverse cultural concepts that constitute the visitors. Operation management of this city is under the overall authority of Dubai Municipalitys roadstead and Transport Authority (RTA) who has the supervisory role in all the quality control exercise in collaboration with central government authorities.It is important to tax the various concepts that surround the strategies that are put in place by the relevant authorizes in Dubai as far as quality control is concerned.... 1960, 32). priming coat information Dubai is one of the fast growing metros in the world with busy commercial activities that hinges on its vast infrastructural endowment and sound management. It is important to note that management of such metro cities is critical to the overall performance of the city (The Report, 2007, 124). The large volume of international trade in tangible and intangible c ommodities that is executed in this city calls for thorough quality control. This city therefore requires operation management team that is able to ensure that all the necessary social and economic conditions are satisfied. Dubais operation management teams are responsible for designing and managing the various products, underlying processes, supply chain and even the services to be tendered. The team headed by the citys local authorities are in charge of overseeing acquisition of resources, their development and utilization so that various firms are able to take in goods and services to the multicultural client base that gets in and out of this United Arab Emirates city (Kachru, 2005, 636). Statement of the problem The strategic geographical location of Dubai in the Middle East has significant role in the economic progress of the region. It is the central commercial indicator of the entire region in respect of the mass international economic and financial activities taking place i n it. What is of particular interest is how quality control can be improved by the citys management authorities. How operation management can effectively be put into play to see an improvement in overall performance of the citys activities is the problem of central concern

Strategic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic Analysis - Research Paper ExampleStrategic AnalysisIt is scoop up known for its Office softw atomic number 18 and Windows. It also develops and produces consumer electronics like game system and tablets. It is easily accessible thus reservation people hear, see and workout technology. The party aims at enabling businesses and people worldwide to realize their full potential, a mission that they have succeeded in realizing. Nearly all businesses and individuals use their products. There are committed to their customers as they strive to design technology that is easily accessible to everybody. It is one of the industry leaders in building safe and easy to use products.Facebook, Inc., on the other hand, is an internet company that operates the social networking website Facebook. It is worlds largest social networking website with more than one billion active monthly users. It aims at making the world more connected and open, a mission that it has realized due to the risin g number of Facebook users. It has offered people the power to share information.The CPM analysis shows that Microsoft is the leading fake in the industry. It has relative strengths in market share, product quality, product design and price competitive. On the other hand, Google Inc. prevails in innovative culture and product quality. prophet Corporations is the weakest of them all. It does not have any relative strength against the rivals in the industry. The companies, therefore, need to create strategies in accordance with their strengths and weakness and enhance their ratings in the most all-important(a) areas of the industry.

Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Systems - Essay ExampleThe holdroll information system pull up stakes have information on the name, monthly salaries and hourly rates of employees. Hourly rates will also be required to facilitate the payment of extra time wages. Additional information such as location, incision, employee identification number, and the date of employment would also be added to the system. This system would be updated with information received from the human resources department relating to recruitment of staff at Recruit 4 U three locations as well as separation of staff due to retirement, resignation, redundancies and involuntary termination. The payroll system would be set up to calculate measurees for each employee and would be paid over to the government on their behalf. At the end of each pay period the necessary information would be collected from various locations and this along with the information from head office will be used to run the payroll. pay up slips will be generat ed for each employee, indicating their gross pay, deductions statutory and otherwise, and their net pay at the end of each pay period. Cheques consisting of the net pay would either be drawn for each employee or sent to their respective bank accounts if feasible. Additionally, a cheque would be drawn for the government in relation to total tax deducted from the employees pay for the period. The relevant entry from this module of the accounting information system would be used to make an entry into the financial accounts of Recruit 4 U.

Applied Integrated Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Applied Integrated Business - Essay ExampleThis paper is an attempt to synthesize e realthing I had erudite so far which can be applicable in a world of business that is further made complicated and difficult by discordant financial crises. In the next few pages, I will elaborate on these further by enumerating the three near important. Discussion I entail Professor Michael Porters Five-Forces Model of competition is the first thing that comes to my mind in terms of importance. His model is applicable to al approximately all industries anywhere in the world. It has oecumenical applications and any aspiring manager should learn to apply the principles in this model. Doing so will make his job as manager much, much easier. It will throw in him to analyze a given industry, formulate the appropriate strategies and then be able to implement this particular chosen strategy to achieve superior results, no matter what. It is a given that the Porter model is extremely useful for indust ry analysis in order to attain that sustainable superior feat over peer industry competitors. The model further simplifies the whole job of any manager without it, it is quite difficult to arrive at a nigh decision due to sometimes too much data to analyze that one can easily get lost of the strategic objective. The second most important thing I learned during the course is the 7 Ps of merchandising. ... This model will help to put things in a proper lieu so corrective measures can be undertaken to rescue new products and services from being failures in the market. This model is a step-by-step guide to successful marketing techniques because it analyzes each step to be taken when selling and it helps to remove guesswork by making the analysis much more professional and accurate. The third most important I learned so far in this course is the SWOT analysis model. It may seem simple but it at to the lowest degree has a systematic approach when analyzing the inherent kind of streng ths and weaknesses of any business organization. The first two letters ar S and W it pertains to the internal building of the business firm by looking inward at its core competence or the areas of operations in which it has advantages while at the same write out weaknesses. This will allow the firm to take corrective measures to remedy these weaknesses. The second two letters which are O and T represent opportunities and threats from the environment which are considered as external to the firm. The usefulness of this SWOT model is it is applicable to individual persons as well, such as taking pre-emptive or preventive measures to avoid any possible harm or dangers. The SWOT model for analysis is also useful in other situations like disaster preparedness by judicature units and other non-profit organizations because it will try to recognize possible dangers and allow for sufficient advance planning to avoid failures. The SWOT model has internal and external components, very much like Porters Five-forces model, which has three external components and two internal features in the said model. I fully intend to use all my accumulated intimacy from the course in my daily

Reflection essay Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection essay - Case Study ExampleIn many instances, schemes ar not able to cater to the social responsibilities because of the huge pressure in corporate sector by the shareholders (Mickels, 2009). By registering as a Benefit corporation, an system can project them as a business which also has the aim of developing a better society, such as the Good Capital LLC mentioned in the case, where coronation is also carried out to provide solutions to some of the challenging problems faced by the society. Therefore, the biggest advantage is that both the society as well as the judicature benefits. It also provides encouragement to a generation of entrepreneur who can share benefits with the society, without having to fear about the lawsuits or lack of support from the shareholders (Reiser, 2012).However, there are certain(p) disadvantages also where by Benefit corporates can get sued by if it fails to take the steps for the benefit of the society as per the state laws (Reiser, 2012) . If the status of Benefit corporations is prone to organizations, it is mandated that they take solid steps towards the social cause they are founderted to (Reiser, 2012). Additionally, it also has a high risk of evil as powerful leadership may use it to mask their follies (Katz and Page, 2010). Hence, it is appropriate only for those businesses that are fully committed to both social causes as well as to their shareholders.The issue of abuse also leads to the question of ethics in Benefit corporations. As the potential of misusing is high, because the losses can be easily masked out as investment for fulfilling the social causes, it is necessary to have rigorous testing standards so that organizations cannot take undue advantage in the pretext of being a Benefit organization (Reiser, 2012). In addition, an organization should give equal priority to its organizational mission as well as the social cause undertaken, so that it can commit fully to

Power Electronics Intensive Solutions Essay Example for Free

cause Electronics Intensive Solutions EssayAbstract on that point is a clear trend in the automotive performance to use much voltaic strategys in order to satisfy the ever-growing ve-hicular commit bespeaks. Thus, it is imperative that automotive elec-trical top executive systems bring home the bacon obviously undergo a drastic change in the next 1020 years. Currently, the situation in the automotive in-dustry is much(prenominal) that the fills for in superior spiritser raise economy and much(prenominal)(prenominal) electric index fingerfulness are driving forward-looking vehicular causality system volt-ages to high levels. For example, the projected join on in constitutional occasion demand is estimated to be well-nigh three to four times that of the live value. This means that the total proximo author de-mand of a typical advanced vehicle could roughly reach a value as high as 10 kW. In order to satisfy this huge vehicular load, the ap-proach is to integrate business office electronics intensive solutions within advanced vehicular military force systems. In work out of this fact, this paper aims at reviewing the present situation as well as projected future research and breeding work of advanced vehicular electric top executive systems including those of electric, hybrid electric, and open harass cell vehicles (EVs, HEVs, and FCVs).The paper bequeath front introduce the proposed indicator system architectures for HEVs and FCVs and will then go on to exhaustively debate the specific applications of dc/dc and dc/ac strength electronic convertors in advanced automo-tive cause systems. Index TermsElectric propulsion, electric vehicles (EVs), provoke cell vehicles (FCVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), internal com-bustion engines, motor receives, power converters, semiconductor devices. I. INTRODUCTION.BY THE time the commercialisation of the next-generation car comes around, advanced power electronics and m otor asks will catch already established themselves as prime compo-nents of advanced vehicular bring dogs. Advanced power elec-tronic converters and grip motor drives will be responsible for a major(ip) part of the vehicles efficacy usage. As of now, the automotive market is do rapid developments in case of the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).Commercially available HEVs include the Toyota Prius, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400 h, Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Accord Hybrid, and Ford Escape Hybrid. In the case of future HEVs, power electronic converters and associated motor drives, which control the flow of electrical might within the HEV power system, promise to be the keys to making HEVs much fuel efficient and emit lower harmful pollutants. Manuscript received March 15, 2005 revised October 26, 2005.Recom-mended by Associate Editor J. Shen. The authors are with Electric index number and Power Electronics Center, Illinois Institute o f Technology, Chicago, IL 60616-3793 USA (e-mail emailprotected edu). Digital Object Identifier 10. 1109/TPEL. 2006. 872378 As is well known, in the first half of the past century, the 6-V electrical system in automobiles served the purpose of ignition, cranking, and a satisfying few lighting scads 15. Since then, there has been a constant rise in vehicular power petitionment.Performance loads, such as electric steering, that were tradition-ally driven by mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic systems, are now increasingly being subd by the electrically driven systems, in order to increase the performance and efficiency of operation. Furthermore, luxury loads have excessively increased everyplace time, imposing a higher demand of electrical power 3. It moldiness be pointed out here that the rate of increase of automotive loads is assumed to be nigh 4% per year. Thus, such load demands have resulted in the need to scale up the on climb on vehicular power level.Considering these aspects, several decades ago, the potential difference was raised from its earlier 6-V level to the present day 12-V level and, now with an ever-in-creasing demand forecasted into the future, there is a need to switch over to much higher voltage levels of 42 V, 300 V, or higher, as the case may be 35. Due to the high voltage levels being produced in HEVs, it becomes essential to have dc/dc converters to supply all the auxiliary loads on board the vehicle. Although the dc/dc converter technology is well devel-oped for low-power applications at lower cost, much work needs to be d star for high-power applications.It is an immense chal-lenge to decent all the vehicle standards for electromagnetic in-terference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) as well as specifications of reliability and packaging 4, 5. In ad-dition, power electronic converters alike dictate how and when fuel/electricity is utilise in HEVs. A competent dc/ac inverter draws dc power from the batteries to drive the electric adhesive friction motor, which in turn provides power to the wheels. The dc/ac inverter withal performs the function of recharging the batteries during re-generative braking in HEVs.Based on this fundamental background, proving the criticality of power electronics for HEV applications, this paper will re-view the role of power electronics and compare the associated advanced power system architectures for HEV as well as electric vehicle (EV) and fuel cell vehicle (FCV) applications. The var-ious design issues for power electronics intensive HEV and FCV power systems and the live and future trends will be high-lighted. In addition, the proposed 42-V PowerNet is also centralizeed upon, emphasizing on the description of its key capabilities and requirements.Furthermore, the paper will also discuss the mild hybrid vehicle, wherein the major opportunities for automotive power electronics are outlined. Finally, few system-level issues 0885-8993/$20. 00 2006 IEEE 568IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, MAY 2006 Fig. 1. Conventional 14-V dc power system architecture. that drive the relative power electronics size and cost functions will also be addressed. II. CONVENTIONAL AUTOMOTIVE POWER SYSTEMS AND Fig. 2. Typical representation of the more electric hybrid vehicle power system CONCEPT OF MORE ELECTRIC VEHICLES (MEV) architecture. During the mid 1950s, the automotive industry decided to opt for 12-V electrical power systems for vehicles, since the then popular 6-V system was rapidly becoming plagued by the and rear-wheel steering, which will be driven electrically in the increasing vehicular load demands. The barrage fire became a six- future. cell module instead of three cells, at approximately the same As is well documented in related literature, most of the fu- energy rating. The electrical system demand had risen from the ture advanced electric loads require power electronic controls. 100 W of the early 1 900s to typically about 1 kW by the 1990s, In advanced future vehicles, power electronics is forecasted to as more and more electrically powered devices were installed perform three major tasks. First task is simple on/off switching 68. of loads, which is performed by mechanical switches and relays The conventional electrical system in an automobile can in conventional cars 7. The second task is to act as a suitable essentially be divided into the architectural elements of energy controller for electric traction motors.Finally, power electronics computer memory, generation, starting, and distribution. The distribution intensive power systems will not only be used for the obvious system of a conventional 14-V power system satisfies vehicular task of changing system voltage levels, but also for converting loads such as, interior/exterior lighting, electric motor driven electrical power from one form to another, development dc/dc, dc/ac, fans/pumps/compressors, and instrumen tation subsystems 6. and ac/dc converters. A simple rendition of the conventional 14-V electric power As mentioned earlier, due to the ever-increasing electrical system architecture is shown in Fig. 1. loads, the automotive industry is opting for more electric power As is clear from Fig. 1, the conventional power system ar- systems. Due to this, MEVs will need highly reliable and fault- rangement has a single 14-V dc voltage level, with the vehic- tolerant electrical power systems to deliver high quality power ular loads being controlled by manual switches and relays. As from the source to the electrical loads.It is extremely important mentioned earlier, the present average power demand in an au- that the voltage level/form in which power is distributed be taken tomobile is approximately 1 kW. The voltage in a 14-V system conduct of. A higher voltage will reduce the weight and volume actually varies between 9 and 16 V at the battery terminals, de- of the fit harness, amo ng several other advantages 7, 8. pending on the alternator production current, battery age, state of Fig. 2 shows the concept of a future hybrid MEV, making use charge, and variant other minor factors 6, 7.This results in of high voltage (300 V) automotive power system architecture. overrating the loads at nominal system voltage. In addition to Currently, the proposed MEVs are at a transitional stage, in- these disadvantages, the present 14-V system cannot handle fu- volving different systems voltage levels 8. It is expected that ture electrical loads to be introduced in the more electric envi- the future MEV power systems will most likely be comprised of ronment of the future cars, as it would be expensive and ineffi- a single main voltage bus (high voltage) with a provision for hy- cient to do so. brid (dc and ac), multivoltage level distribution and intelligent In more electric vehicles (MEVs), there is a trend toward energy and load management. expanding electrical loads and replacement of mechanical and hydraulic systems with more electrical systems. These III. ADVANCED DRIVE TRAIN ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC, loads include lights, pumps, fans, and electric motors for var- HYBRID ELECTRIC, AND give notice CELL VEHICLES ious functions.In addition, they also include some advanced, electrically assisted vehicular loads, such as power steering, This section introduces the assorted drive train arrangements air conditioner/compressor, electromechanical valve control, of subtle battery electric vehicles (EV), series/ fit/series-par- active suspension/vehicle dynamics, and catalytic converter allel/complex HEV drive trains, and pure FCV/hybrid FCV 6. Furthermore, additional advanced vehicular loads include, drive trains. Based on the review done in this section, the anti-lock braking, throttle actuation, ride-height adjustment, ensuing sections will focus on the power electronics intensive .EMADI et al. POWER ELECTRONICS intense SO LUTIONS 569 Fig. 3. Topological arrangement for an electric vehicle (EV) drive train. power system architectures for these advanced drive train arrangements. A. electric battery Electric Vehicle (EV) Drive watch Topology A purely electric drive system principally replaces the internal combustion engine ( cover) and the various transmis-sion systems with an all-electric system. As is well known, rechargeable chemical batteries are the traditional option as en-ergy sources for EVs.But they tend to be heavy and expensive to replace over their limited lifetimes. In addition to traditional batteries like leadacid, nickel metalhydride (NiMH), and nickelcadmium (NiCd), there are advanced technologies like lithiumpolymer (Li-polymer) and lithiumion (Liion) bat-teries. Despite the popularity that these advanced batteries have gained for portable electronic applications, they havent quite maintained the same reputation for use in EVs. to the highest degree practical EVs still use lead-acid batteries, with the more sophisticated ones victimisation NiMH batteries 8, 9.A basic overview of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) is as shown in Fig. 3. More recently, the automotive industry is cutting back on EV production, and has declared HEVs and FCVs to be the future of advanced vehicle technologies. This is because BEVs cost sig-nificantly more than flatulence vehicles, due to the fact that EV battery modules are currently being produced in very atrophied vol-umes 911. Higher vehicle prices are partially spark off by the fact that fuel costs for battery electrics are about one-third those of a gas pedal-powered vehicle.In addition, BEVs have fewer miserable parts than gasoline cars, and hence, require less mainte-nance. The future of battery EVs is somewhat uncertain at this time, but their development has already made important contri-butions to advancing electric drive train and storage technolo-gies needed by two HEVs as well as FCVs 10, 11. If further breakthroug hs in battery technologies occur, BEVs could yet prove to be the future of clean transportation. B. Series HEV Drive Train Topology A series hybrid vehicle is basically an electric vehicle with an on-board battery charger.An ICE is largely run at an optimal efficiency point to drive the generator and charge the propul-sion batteries on-board the vehicle, as shown in Fig. 4. When the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is at a predetermined minimum, the ICE is turned on to charge the battery 1215. The ICE turns off again when the battery has reached a desir-able maximum SOC. The engine/generator square up maintains the battery charge around 65%75%. It must be noted that, in a se- Fig. 4. Typical layout of a series HEV drive train. Fig. 5. courtly of a tally HEV drive train configuration.ries HEV, there is no mechanical connection between the ICE and the chassis. The advantage with the series HEV configuration is that the ICE is running game mostly at its optimal combination of fastness and torque, thereby, having a low fuel consumption and high effi-ciency. However, there are two energy reincarnation stages during the transformation of the energy between the ICE and the wheels (ICE/generator and generator/motor) 16, 17. any(prenominal) energy is doomed because of the two-stage power conversion process. A se-ries hybrid vehicle is more applicable in city driving.C. Parallel HEV Drive Train Topology A hybrid vehicle with the parallel configuration has both the ICE and the traction motor mechanically connected to the trans-mission. A schematic figure of the parallel hybrid is shown in Fig. 5. The vehicle can be driven with the ICE, or the electric motor, or both at the same time and, therefore, it is affirmable to choose the combination freely to feed the required amount of torque at every apt(p) time 1820. In parallel HEV, there are many ways to configure the use of the ICE and the traction motor.The most widely used strategy is to use the motor alone at low runs, since it is more efficient than the ICE, and then let the ICE work alone at higher speeds. When only the ICE is in use, the traction motor can function as a generator and charge the battery. A parallel HEV can also have a continuously variable transmission (CVT) instead of a fixed step transmission 19, 20. With this technique, it is pos-sible to choose the most efficient operating points for the ICE 570IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, MAY 2006 Fig. 6. Typical drive train configuration of a series-parallel combined HEV.Fig. 7. formal of a complex HEV drive train. at given torque demands freely and continuously. The result is lower fuel consumption due to the inherently more efficient fuel usage. Energy is also saved due to regenerative braking. The advantage with the parallel HEV configuration is that there are fewer energy conversion stages compared to the se-ries HEV and, therefore, a lesser part of the energy is lost 19. In fact, the parallel HEV drive train depicts fairly lower losses compared to other HEV topologies and, hence, has a compara-tively higher general drive train efficiency.D. Series-Parallel HEV Drive Train Topology The series-parallel HEV is a combination of the series and parallel hybrids. There is an additional mechanical link between the generator and the electric motor, compared to the series con-figuration, and an additional generator compared to the parallel hybrid, as shown in Fig. 6. With this design, it is possible to com-bine the advantages of both the series and parallel HEV config-urations 20. It must be highlighted here that the series-parallel HEV is also relatively more complicated and expensive.There are many possible combinations of the ICE and traction motor. Two major classifications can be identified as electric-in-tensive and engine-intensive. The electric-intensive series-par-allel HEV configuration indicates that the electric motor is more active than the ICE for propulsion, wherea s, in the engine-inten-sive case, the ICE is more active 20, 21. A common opera-tive characteristic for both types of series-parallel HEV systems is that the electric motor is used alone at start with ICE turned off. During normal driving, the ICE alone propels the vehicle in the engine-intensive case.On the other hand, the ICE and electric motor propel the vehicle in the electric-intensive case 20. When acceleration is needed, the electric traction motor is used in combination with the ICE to give extra power in both of the configurations. During braking or deceleration, the trac-tion motor is used as a generator to charge the battery and, in stand still, the ICE can continue to run and drive the generator to charge the battery, if needed. Another form of series-hybrid configuration is shown in Fig. 7, which is a power split HEV topology.This topology includes a planetary gearbox, which connects the ICE, traction motor, and generator. Varying the speed from the two planetary gear p inions, connected to the electric motor and the generator, can control the ICE speed. When the ICE turns off, the vehicle is propelled in the pure electric mode. However, at most of the operating points, the energy flows in a similar fashion to either that of a parallel HEV or to that of a series HEV. In parallel HEV mode, energy flows from ICE via the gearbox to the wheels, whereas, in the series HEV mode of operation, the energy flows from generator and motor to the wheels 21.The proportion between these two energy flows depends on the overall vehicle speed. Under most operating conditions, this configuration is a combination of series and parallel hybrid vehicle. It is also possible to operate this in parallel mode for some operating conditions. One of the motivating factors for use of the power split HEV topology is to increase the vehicle power capability for a given transmission. This in turn enables the usage of continuously variable transmission concept for light duty HEV pr opulsion ap-plications, such as pick up trucks and small buses. E. FCV Drive Train Topology.The potential for superior efficiency and zero (or near zero) emissions has long attracted interest to fuel cells as the potential automotive engine of the future. However, systematic efforts to realize the efficiency and emissions benefits of fuel cells in the transportation sector have materialized only in the last 10 years. The overall goal of ongoing fuel cell research and development programs is to develop a fuel cell engine that will give vehicles the range of conventional cars, while attaining environmental benefits like to those of battery-powered electric vehi-cles.Although the technology is currently quite expensive, fuel cells offer benefits including high overall efficiency and quiet operation due to few moving parts. A typical fuel cell ground propulsion system is shown in Fig. 8. The hydrocarbon fuel such as gasoline, natural gas, methanol, or ethanol is first reformed to obt ain the required hydrogen using a reformer (or fuel processor) 22. This hydrogen rich gas from the reformer is fed to the anode of the fuel cell. It is also possible to store the on-board the vehicle using a pressurized cylinder, instead of using the reformer for con-verting the fuel to -rich gas.The oxygen (or air) is fed in to the cathode fuel cell. Depending on the fuel cell stack configu-ration, and the flow of hydrogen and oxygen, the fuel cell stack produces the dc output voltage 22, 23. The fuel cell stack EMADI et al. POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE SOLUTIONS 571 Fig. 8. Typical topological arrangement of a hybrid fuel cell vehicle drive train. output is fed to the power conditioner (power electronic con-verter) to obtain the required output voltage and current. Ide-ally, the power conditioner must have minimal losses leading to a higher efficiency. Power conditioning efficiencies can typ-ically be higher than 90% 24.IV. POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE POWER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES FO R HEVS A. Advanced Electrical Features in Future HEV Technologies As mentioned earlier, there is a trend in the automotive in-dustry to replace more engine driven mechanical and hydraulic loads with electrical loads, due to higher efficiency, safety re-quirements, and drivers comfort. All of these new functions re-quire the application of power electronics. In most of the cases, the cost of the power electronics dominates the argument of in-troducing such functions. Many of these functions will only ap-pear in concept vehicles in the projected future.Some of these include luxury loads, such as information and entertainment that have received lots of hype recently. The other class of features is -by wire, where stands for an advanced function such as, steer or brake. Another class of advanced electrical features includes power steering pump, electric ac-tive suspension system, electromechanical valve control, elec-trically heated catalytic converter, air-conditioning systems, and w ater/ oil colour/fuel pumps 25. There are also other loads such as throttle actuation, ride-height adjustment, rear-wheel steering, which are proposed to be driven electrically in the future. Fig.9 depicts a summary of some of the future electrical features auto-motive power systems. It is virtually mandatory that most of the proposed future electric loads will indeed require power elec-tronic controls of some sort. B. Advanced HEV Topology Using ISA System In view of research and development work for MEVs, it must be pointed out that one of the leading breakthroughs in the au-tomotive industry is the introduction of the integrated starter-generator (ISG) system for mild HEVs 26. The ISG is pri-marily an electric machine with a rotor instead of a flywheel mounted on the crankshaft between the ICE and transmission.A schematic diagram of an ISG system used in conjunction with a high-power vehicular power system is shown in Fig. 10. The Fig. 9. Future electrical features in more elect ric vehicle power systems. Fig. 10. Integrated starter-alternator (ISA) based HEV drive train. ISG provides the functions of an electric starter and an alternator 26, 27. By using suitable advanced power electronic con-verter systems, it is possible for the ISG to compensate the drive train oscillations to provide more comfort. The power electronic converter system controls the ISG operating state, depending on the load status and the battery charge status.Improved fuel economy and reduced emissions are two prime advantages of an ISG system. Using a start/ backtrack cycle, the ICE is turned off during deceleration or after the vehicle comes to a complete stop. The ISG can be used to propel the vehicle from a stop condition (and/or at a set speed), to restart the ICE. The ISG will also be able to route power produced by regenerative braking into the energy storage devices (batteries or ultra-capac-itors) 26, 27. It can also be used to provide power enhance-ment, when taking off from a stop, or in added acceleration for passing. C.42-V/12-V Dual-Voltage vehicular Electrical Systems The 42-V/12-V dual-voltage architecture is being popularly touted as one of the solutions for the ever-increasing in-vehicle load demand. The operating voltage criteria being considered for 42-V systems are shown in Fig. 11. The maximum dynamic over voltage is limited to 58 V, including the transient voltages 572IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, MAY 2006 Fig. 11. Typical operating voltage criteria for 42-V HEV power systems. Fig. 13. Schematic of a dual voltage (14 V and 42 V) architecture using one battery.Fig. 12. Schematic of a dual voltage (14 V and 42 V) architecture using two batteries. 28. In this case, the system charging voltage is set at 42 V. The entire electrical system in the vehicle is run at a nominal value of 42 V, whenever the engine is running. Some of the advantages of such a system include, high efficiency and performance, less expensive opera tional procedures, reduced total installed power due to the integration of the mechanical and hydraulic power into the electrical power system, and reduction in the overall design complexity.The transition to an entirely 42-V reign architecture cannot be done immediately. Therefore, it is assumed that a dual voltage automotive power system will exist at least for a while. There are various ways to implement a power electronics intensive dual voltage power system. The schematic used in Fig. 12 illustrates a dual (42 V14 V) battery system. Fig. 13 shows a schematic using only one single 42-V battery, and Fig. 14 illustrates a anatomical structure in which the dual voltage is generated by a single alternator, which has two output voltages.In the dual battery system, the first (36-V) battery is optimized for high power delivery, while the second (12-V) battery is optimized for low powers to support key-off loads plus hazard lamp operation 28, 29. In other words, in this structure, the starting function will be isolated from the storage function required for key-off loads. This architecture provides oppor-tunities to improve real high power loads by moving them to the 42-V side. It also minimizes changes to existing 14-V features, like lighting loads.However, this system has two batteries, which when com-pared with todays one 14-V battery, implies more cost, weight, and packaging space. The other new ingredient in this system is Fig. 14. Schematic of a dual stator dual voltage (14 V and 42 V) architecture using two batteries. the 42-V/14-V dc/dc converter. The overall cost of power elec-tronics is still considered too high for automotive applications. However, power electronic converters are capable of providing seamless energy transfer between two energy storage batteries and help improve reliability of some critical vehicular functions, which require a backup battery.In contrast, the single battery schematic of Fig. 13 is based on the desire to avoid cost, we ight, and packaging problems cre-ated by the additional battery. The idea is that the power man-agement system should be smart enough to manage the key-off loads from depleting the high-voltage battery to the point that the vehicle cannot be started 29. It is critical to point out here that this architecture also uses a bidirectional dc/dc converter be-tween the 42-V and 14-V buses. The schematic shown in Fig. 14 uses a more complicated alternator, with two sets of stator wind-ings, to provide power separately to the 42-V and 14-V buses.In this structure, again, high power loads are connected to the 42-V bus and the 14-V bus supplies low-power electrical mod-ules 29. In addition to the above-described architectures, there exist many other strategies and variations of dual-voltage automo-tive power systems. The auto industry at this point is stagnant with regards to selecting appropriate dual-voltage MEV archi-tectures. One of the main focal points of research in selecting EMADI et a l. POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE SOLUTIONS a suitable MEV system is to determine which options provide the best economic value to possible customers.The other major concerns with the introduction of 42-V power systems are phys-ical and practical viability aspects, such as arc faults and ensuing fire hazards. These and various other practical issues are dis-cussed in the following section. 1) Practical Issues Related to 42-V Automotive Power Sys-tems As is apparent, by increasing the present 14-V meshwork to 42-V, significant component and system changes within the vehicle will be necessitated. One of the major motives for this change is because of the nature of faults and their subsequent consequences, due to the higher current carrying wires in a 42-V automotive power system environment.It is obvious that the ten-dency is to produce longer arc faults, which have to be addressed to provide automotive safety. Wires that are semi-cut or scraped, in all probability, cause longer arc fa ults at higher system volt-ages. Furthermore, various research issues also arise from the point of view of vehicular power electronics and motor drives. For example, by reducing the mild HEV power system operating voltage (from 150 V/300 V to 42 V), the required current to pro-vide the necessary power increases. Thus, this corresponds to the entire winding of the electric traction machine to be restruc-tured.Issues such as heat transfer and shield also require a detailed investigation before the 42-V architecture becomes practicable in the auto industry. On the other hand, power electronic switches in 42-V sys-tems may be required to handle RMS currents in the proximity of about 400 to 500 amps/phase 29. Currently, in order to switch such high profile currents, parallel-operated power electronic switches are being proposed, since using single-level switches is highly uneconomical. Recently, advanced MOSFET switches have been introduced for use with prototype 42-V automotive power s ystems.Trench IGBTs have also made noteworthy progress from the point of view of providing 42-V architectural solutions, wherein the research focus is in the main on solving reliability and short-circuit current capability issues. D. Power Electronics Solutions for HEVs Power electronics is an enabling technology for next genera-tion of vehicles, which should be cleaner, smarter, more precise, more efficient, and more flexible. In the past decades, power electronic devices were avoided mainly because of their cost issues.The reasons for increased interest in automotive power electronics can be separated into the ensuing sections. 1) New Architectures By increasing new electrical loads, cost and complexity of the system is on the increase. Such archi-tectures need new switching and reliability features. Power elec-tronics makes the possibility of integrating switching and fusing functions into one component with higher reliability. Possibility of implementing different control metho ds on power electronic systems is another reason to go away from relay switching.Also, by implementing integrated perceive techniques in power elec-tronic devices, diagnosis and fault detection becomes easier to implement. Furthermore, development of clean and energy effi-cient vehicles in future vehicle technologies such as EVs, HEVs, 573 and FCVs is not possible without implementing new architec-tures, which are available using power electronics. 2) Power Conversion on Demand Most of the auxiliary drives in vehicles are designed for worst-case scenarios. Power electronics and motor drive topologies make it easier to have higher efficiency by providing adjustable speed drives.Es-pecially, engine-cooling fans have been designed recently, implementing power electronic controls and adjustable speed drives. 3) Voltage Conversion on Demand Different components in vehicles need different levels of voltages. Different voltage levels in dual-voltage architecture are available using power electronic converters. Induction or synchronous machines need ac voltages with high power for propulsion, and small motors for fans and pumps require ac voltage with low power 30, 31.Converting dc-to-ac voltages and dc-to-dc voltages with different voltage levels is not possible without using power elec-tronic converters. 4) Precise Electronic Control locomotive engine controls such as igni-tion or fuel guess need precise timing and dynamic control of actuators. Fuel injectors should work on very high pressure with more precise opening time. Engine developers are working on systems to replace the camshaft with electronically controlled variable valves, promising up to 25% more fuel economy. These controls cannot be imagined without the use of power elec-tronics. 5.