The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay -- Essays Papers

HUCKLEBERRY FINNThe original that I have most enjoyed ever reading was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain.Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a young boys coming of age in Missouri during the middle 1800s. The main character, Huckleberry Finn, spends a lot of clipping in the novel floating down the Mississippi River on a raft with a runaway slave named Jim. Before he does so, however, Huck spends some time in the town of St. Petersburg where a number of people attempt to influence him. Huckleberry Finn is considered an American character for many reasons. Throughout the novel Huckleberry shows stereotypical traits of what is expected, sometimes anyway, of the warning American character. Even before the novel begins, Huckleberry Finn has led a life of absolute liberty. Americans are known throughout the world to have more freedom then anybody else. His drunken and often missing father has never paid much attention to him, his mother is de ad and so, when the novel begins, he is not employ to following any rules. Huck, a good old-fashioned American character is just like the stereotype of American characters, by not following the rules. In the beginning of the book Huck lives with the Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson. Both women are old and are really incapable of raising a rebellious boy like Huckleberry Finn. They attempt to make Huckleberry into what they believe will be a better boy. Specifically, they attempt, as Hu...

Is Huck Finn A Racist Book :: Essays Papers

Is Huck Finn A Racist BookControversial in death as he was in life, distinguish Twain has been seriously accused by some of being a racist writer, whose writing is offensive to black readers, perpetuates squalid slave-era stereotypes, and deserves no place on todays bookshelves. To those of us who have drunk gratefully of Twains wisdom and humanity, such accusations are ludicrous. But for some people they clearly gain a raw nerve, and for that reason they deserve a serious answer. Lets look at the book that is most commonly singled out for this criticism, the novel that Ernest Hemingway identified as the source of all American literature The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. For Twains critics, the novel is racist on the face of it, and for the most obvious reason many characters use the word coon throughout. But since the action of the book takes place in the south twenty years before the Civil War, it would be amazing if they didnt use that word. A encompassing(prenominal) readi ng also reveals Twains serious satiric intent. In one scene, for instance, Aunt Sally hears of a steamboat explosion. Good gracious anybody hurt? she asks. Nom, comes the answer. Killed a nigger. But anyone who imagines that Mark Twain meant this literally is missing the point. Rather, Twain is using this casual dialogue ironically, as a way to underscore the chilling truth about the experient south, that it was a society where perfectly nice people didnt consider the death of a black person worth their notice. To drive the point home, Twain has the bird continue Well, its lucky, because sometimes people do get hurt. Thats a small case in point. But what is the book really about? Its about zero point less than freedom and the quest for freedom. Its about a slave who breaks the law and risks his life to win his freedom and be reunited with his family, and a white boy who becomes his acquaintanceship and helps him escape. Because of his upbringing, the boy starts out believing tha t slavery is part of the natural order but as the story unfolds he wrestles with his conscience, and when the crucial moment comes he decides he will be damned to the flames of hell rather than betray his black friend. And Jim, as Twain presents him, is hardly a caricature. Rather, he is the moral center of the book, a man of courage and nobility, who risks his freedom -- risks his life -- for the sake of his friend Huck.

Drinking Alcohol Causes Sexual Assault Essay -- Expository Cause Effec

Drinking Alcohol Causes Sexual Assault There is a definite correlation between alcohol and sexual assault. A sexual assault can be defined as a sexual crook occurring without verbal consent, or when force is used in a sexual encounter against the other persons will. Of all the men who admit to committing sexual assault, 55% field being under the influence of alcohol at the time, with 26% of the men being drunk (Stanford University, 1999). Of all the women who discover being sexually assaulted, 53% of them report being under the influence of alcohol, with 21% of these women being drunk (Stanford University, 1999). These facts suggest that alcohol is a major factor in sexual assaults. Crimes such as these could be greatly reduced if alcohol was not in the picture. Unfortunately, there ar many sexual assaults, or rapes, per year. According to the Affirmative Action duty at Iowa State University, there have been at least two reported rapes per weekend since classes have begun this y ear. Throughout the United States in 1996, there were 98,000 blameless rapes, and 219,000 attempted rapes (Stanford University, 1999). Most of these assaults were upon women. In fact, women were ten times more likely than men to become victims of rape or sexual assault in 1996, a reality that still holds true (Stanford University, 1999). The number of sexual assaults upon men is so minor that statistics are rarely given. Alcohol plays a major factor in many sexual assault and rape cases. There are many reasons for why alcohol is such a clear component of sexual assault. The eldest reason that many assaults involve alcohol is that it has severe effects on the human body. The effects of alcohol on a man and woman are different. When a man co... ...xual assault, act responsibly around alcohol, or steer clear of it completely Works Cited Abbey, Antonia. Acquaintance Rape and Alcohol Consumption on College Campuses. Journal of American College Health. Vol. 39, January 1991. http//www2 .bitstream.net/alpropes/resc/al Alcohol and Acquaintance Rape Strategies to Protect Yourself and Each Other. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug cake Center. 1995. http//www.edc.org/hec. Alcohol Impairment Chart. The National Clearing house for Alcohol and Drug Information. Oct. 1998. http//www.health.org/pubs/qdocs/alcohol-bad-chrt.htm Rohypnol Facts- The Date Rape Drug. Midland Police Service. 4 March 1999. http//www.police.midland.on.ca/rohypnol.html The consanguinity Between Alcohol and Sexual Assault. Stanford University. 1999 http//www.stanford.edu/group/bbeam/alcohol

Behavior: Nature vs. Nurture Essay -- genetics vs environment

For centuries psychologists have argued over which plays the larger role in child development, heredity or environment. i of the first theories was proposed in the seventeenth century by the British philosopher John Locke. Locke believed that a child was born with an empty mind, tabula rasa (meaning blank slate) and that everything the child learns comes from experience, aught is established beforehand. Years later, Charles Darwin brought forth his theory of evolution, which led to a return of the hereditarian viewpoint. With the twentieth century, however, came the rise of behaviorism. Behaviorists, like John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, argued that a child can be made into any kind of person, regardless of their heredity. Today, most psychologists agree that both nature (genes) and nurture (environment) play an important role, not independently, but as they interact together (Atkinson, p. 72). One of the most important factors believed to influence a child are parents. Parents ar e known to share a distinctive bond with their children. This exceptional bond is what enables parents to shape their children. Whether it is into free-willed adolescents, ready to challenge any controversy, or into caring adults willing to spend the seventy cents a day to save a beggary stricken child. Parents have the power to mold their children. Setting firm, yet sensible, guidelines teaches children discipline and good behavior. Using physical abuse produces aggressive children, but having patience and soul leaves a child better capable to handle stress in later years. How parents raise their children influences how they will turn out (Begley, p. 53). Surprisingly, a new view is taking place. As the author of The Nurture Assumpt... ...sweek, (September 7, 1998). p. 52-59. Edwards, Randall. Divorce Need Not Harm Children. in Child Welfare Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, Series Editors. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1998. Kevles, Behhyann H. and Daniel J. Scapegoat Biology. Discover, (October 1997). p. 58-62. Pinker, Steven. Against Nature. Discover, (October 1997). p. 92-95. Pool, Robert. depiction of a Gene Guy. Discover, (October 1997). p. 51-55. Rosenblatt, Roger. A Game of Catch, Time, Vol. 152 (July 13, 1998). p. 90. Sapolsky, Robert. A Gene For Nothing, Discover, (October 1997). p. 40-46. Waldman, Steven. Divorce Harms Children. in Child Welfare Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, Series Editors. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1998. Wright, Karen. Babies, Bonds, and Brains. Discover, (October 1997). p. 74-78.

The 1893 World’s Fair Essay examples -- Arts Worlds Fair Essays

The 1893 Worlds FairA Worlds Fair is an International exposition that features exhibits relations with commerce, industry, and science. (World Book Encyclopedia 412) Entertainment is also present along with cultural activities. In 1893, the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, although inaugurated a yr late, commemorated the discovery of America. I feel that the Exposition displayed some of the more beautiful curveitecture of its time its immense buildings and sculptures drew heavily from Greek and other unspotted styles, and it could possible be because of the sweeping popularity in Beaux Arts architecture.The Peristyle, one of the buildings that was constructed for the Fair, was designed by Charles B. Atwood. It was an arcade of columns originally proposed by Augustus Saint Gaudens, the consultant on sculpture. (Burg 79) The Perisytle was a beautiful building that followed in the traditional Greek pathway. It was a series of forty-eight Corinthian columns, one for eac h of the American States and Territories, with an immense triumphal arch at the center. J The Peristyle itself was 500 high, its top being a broad promenade populated by 85 allegorical figures in heroic scale. (Burg 119) The Greeks utilise Peristyles in their architecture. A Peristyle was placed around the Greek Parthenon. Corinthian columns were created in the Hellenic era, but they had to wait until the Hellenistic era to reach their full development. J They are distinguished by their ornate capitals with double rows of acanthus leaves and fernlike fonds rising from each corner and terminating in miniature volutes. (Fleming 32)The largest structure at the fair was the Manufactures and wanton Arts Building. It housed many... ...ssive of the greatest eras of human history. (Burg 175) Its a shame that after all the work, and all of the visitors, and all the critics reviews, in the end the buildings have to be lacerated downBibliographyNo author cited. Worlds Fair. World Bo ok Encyclopedia. 1896 ed.Hunt, William Dudley Jr. Beaux Arts, Ecole Des. Hunt Encyclopedia of American Architecture, 1980 ed.BooksBurg, David F. Chicagos White urban center of 1893. Kentucky The University Press of Kentucky, 1976.No author cited. The Columbian Worlds Fair Atlas. Ohio W.F. Towns 1891.Fleming, William. Arts and Ideas. 8th ed. Florida Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Incorporated, 1991.No author cited. The American Heritage Dictionary. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985. reportNo author cited. A City of White Elephants. New York Times 18 Sept. 1893, natl.ed.,8.

The 1893 World’s Fair Essay examples -- Arts Worlds Fair Essays

The 1893 Worlds FairA Worlds Fair is an International exposition that features exhibits transaction with commerce, industry, and science. (World Book Encyclopedia 412) Entertainment is also present along with cultural activities. In 1893, the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, although inaugurated a twelvemonth late, commemorated the discovery of America. I feel that the Exposition displayed some of the more beautiful arcitecture of its time its immense buildings and sculptures drew heavily from Greek and other incorrupt styles, and it could possible be because of the sweeping popularity in Beaux Arts architecture.The Peristyle, one of the buildings that was constructed for the Fair, was designed by Charles B. Atwood. It was an arcade of columns originally proposed by Augustus Saint Gaudens, the consultant on sculpture. (Burg 79) The Perisytle was a beautiful building that followed in the traditional Greek pathway. It was a series of forty-eight Corinthian columns, one for each of the American States and Territories, with an immense triumphal arch at the center. J The Peristyle itself was 500 high, its top being a broad promenade populated by 85 allegorical figures in heroic scale. (Burg 119) The Greeks employ Peristyles in their architecture. A Peristyle was placed around the Greek Parthenon. Corinthian columns were created in the Hellenic era, but they had to wait until the Hellenistic era to reach their full development. J They are distinguished by their ornate capitals with double rows of acanthus leaves and fernlike fonds rising from each corner and terminating in miniature volutes. (Fleming 32)The largest structure at the fair was the Manufactures and heavy(p) Arts Building. It housed many... ...ssive of the greatest eras of human history. (Burg 175) Its a shame that after all the work, and all of the visitors, and all the critics reviews, in the end the buildings have to be tear downBibliographyNo author cited. Worlds Fair. Worl d Book Encyclopedia. 1896 ed.Hunt, William Dudley Jr. Beaux Arts, Ecole Des. Hunt Encyclopedia of American Architecture, 1980 ed.BooksBurg, David F. Chicagos White urban center of 1893. Kentucky The University Press of Kentucky, 1976.No author cited. The Columbian Worlds Fair Atlas. Ohio W.F. Towns 1891.Fleming, William. Arts and Ideas. 8th ed. Florida Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Incorporated, 1991.No author cited. The American Heritage Dictionary. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985. themeNo author cited. A City of White Elephants. New York Times 18 Sept. 1893, natl.ed.,8.

Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse; Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg?

Schizophrenia and marrow Ab utilization Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? Terry V. Hites Prof. Bramlage Dual Diagnosis / Co-Occurring Disorders celestial latitude 6, 2008 Schizophrenia and substance do by which came first, the chicken or the egg? This is a greatly debated topic within families of schizophrenics that abuse alcohol.In this paper I hope to search the prevalence of substance use with those that suffer from schizophrenic psychosis, the age of onset and the age of first use, manipulation issues, recovery issues, and finally, the issues regarding the high ordain of suicidal thoughts, attempts, and completions within this specialized universe of discourse of individuals. The 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health in the United States found that over 23% of adults suffering from serious noetic illness abused alcohol or other drugs.In the population without a serious mental illness precisely 8. 2% abused alcohol or other drugs. Among adults who abused al cohol or other drugs, 20. 4% had a serious mental illness (Cherry, 2007, p. 37). Over 75% of people with a co-occurring upset who were surveyed during treatment reported a history of childhood physical abuse (p. 38). Interestingly enough, surveys have shown that individuals are readily willing to address their substance abuse but are not so willing to acknowledge their co-occurring mental illness (p. 9-50). The life cartridge clip prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD) in schizophrenia is termination to 50%. Substance abuse in schizophrenia is associated with numerous negative consequences, including psychotic relapses criminality, homelessness, unemployment, treatment non-compliance, and health problems (Potvin, 2007, p. 792). In this population, substance abuse is highly overriding (p. 792) not just used by a few individuals but people will abuse substances to cope with the negative or positive symptoms of their illness.When looking at at the symptoms that they commence, Potvin goes on to say, addicted schizophrenia endurings suffer from more repellent depressive symptoms, relative to non-abusing patients (p. 793). Furthermore, the research also shows that potents experience the imprint more sober than females (p. 797) the depression scale includes anhedonia, psycho motor retardation, etc. (p. 796). Keith goes on to say, Substance abuse affects approximately half of patients with schizophrenia and can act as a obstruction to compliance (2007, p. 59). The life date prevalence of substance abuse (excluding smoking) in patients with schizophrenia has been estimated to be approximately 35 to 55% (p. 260). In addition to experiencing these more severe symptoms, or potentially also as a result, psychosocial problems such as occupational, housing or financial difficulties and crime are endemic in the dual-diagnosis population Keith asserts (p. 261). When examining the prevalence of the co-occurring disorders, one would be remiss to not identify the etiology of each. It could be tempting to conclude that PAS psycho officious substances use exacerbates depressive symptoms in a subgroup of schizophrenia patients, because long-run use of alcohol, cannabis and cocaine is associated with depressive symptoms (Potvin, 2007, p. 797). Although these assertions may be concluded, it is also important to not draw inferences about causality, and the reverse explanation cannot be ruled out. That is, severe depressive symptoms may lead patients to use PAS, as proposed by the self-medication hypothesis (p. 97). Psychoactive substance use in juveniles and adults is highly correlated with a number of psychiatricalal diagnoses, including schizophrenia. Young adults with schizophrenia have a 3 times higher prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) than the corresponding age group in the US general population. (Hsiao, 2007, p. 88). While the amount of research data on this age group is limited due to studies not addressing them, it is diffic ult to generalize the data compile (p. 88). Alcohol and marijuana were the two most commonly abused agents in our sample. This is consistent with population-based studies of adolescents. The onset of substance use preceded the onset of psychosis in all of our subjects with co-occurring SUD and schizophrenia. Therefore, it is come-at-able that substance abuse precipitated or exacerbated psychosis in these subjects. Epidemiological and neuroscientific evidence suggests that substance abuse, especially cannabis abuse, can precipitate psychosis in vulnerable subjects.Their sample of 50,413 male adolescents who were suspected of having behavioral problems, Weiser et al. found that adolescents who self-reported abuse of drugs at age 16-17 years were twice as likely to be infirmaryized later for schizophrenia (p. 95). Hsiao goes on to conjure up that, the onset of substance use preceded their reports of psychotic symptoms in 90% of the cases (p. 95). In accordance of the research Keith emphasizes that, the onset of substance abuse often occurs before or around the time of onset of schizophrenia.In a study in which 232 patients with first episodes of schizophrenia were interviewed, 62% reported that drug abuse began before the onset of schizophrenia symptoms, and 51% said the same of alcohol abuse. Within this population, 34. 6% of drug abuse and 18. 2% of alcohol abuse began within the same month as the onset of schizophrenia symptoms. In addition, patients with schizophrenia are twice as likely to have had a history of substance abuse at the time of the first episode of schizophrenia than are healthy subjects (p. 260).Keeping all of these early onset of use issues and early occurrences of the illness in mind there is a tremendous amount of barriers between the individual and their recovery. Next we will explore what issues are barriers to their treatment. The realization that co-occurring problems are best treated with an integrated approach has only recently bee n recognized by the treatment community states Cherry, (p. 38-39). Universal coveringing is needed but umpteen barriers stand in the way of its implementation, from training time to building an infrastructure of clinicians who support everyone being screened, (p. 9). Ultimately, universal screening is as much about the attitudes of administrators and clinicians as it is about having a reliable and valid screen to identify co-occurring disorders. Nonetheless, a screen that is quickly administered, easy to interpret and takes little or no training to administer can break down many of those barriers. Even though there are barriers to instituting a screening procedure during intake, the importance of screening for concurrent substance abuse and mental health problems is authoritative in the effort to provide effective treatment for people with a co-occurring disorder (p. 0). Potvin reminds us in his research that, ideally, depressive symptoms would be measured both during the active phase of substance abuse and after a period of drug withdrawal, to determine whether the observed differences reflect the acute effects of PAS or more stalls traits (p. 797). Likewise, persons with mental heath or substance abuse disorders may not seek help, at least not in the form of professional treatment (i. e. , psychotherapy, medication), because these treatment options are perceived by the person, family, or social network as inappropriate or undesirable (Kuppin, 2008, p. 20). Kuppin goes on to say, these findings offer important sharpnesss for furthering our arrangement of how we think about the discrepancy between mental illness and substance abuse prevalence and treatment seeking and adherence (p. 124). Research echoes with relapse among individuals in this particular population nonetheless, there are those who investigate options available to improve compliance. Many patients with schizophrenia may abuse substances for hedonistic reasons, while others may use them in a n attempt to number symptoms or distress.Alcohol, in particular, can tend to be used more often than illicit drugs, such as opioids or cannabis, though it has also been reported that patients may turn either to alcohol or illicit drugs to alleviate the negative symptoms inadequately treated, or potentially make worse by conventional antipsychotic and the side effect of dysphoria associated with these agents. However, although patients may believe that substance abuse ameliorates symptoms of schizophrenia, data suggest that many of these underlying symptoms may, in fact, be worsened (Keith, 2007, p. 260).Therein lies the problem, trying to convince a person that the drug he is using is hurting him, when all he sees is this drug is the only social occasion that keeps me from hurting myself or others and in itself that is the lie they tell themselves, they do end up trying to hurt themselves, statistics show it. Additionally, statistics show that non-compliant dual-diagnosed patients account for 57% of hospital readmissions, which is an average of 1. 5 admissions per patient each year (p. 261). As schizophrenia is a lifelong illness, it requires long term, uninterrupted treatment to optimize outcomes.The low rate of therapy compliance already associated with schizophrenia can be further compromised when patients are also active substance abusers. Intoxication may impair judgment reduce motivation to pursue long-term goals and lead to a devaluation of the protection offered by antipsychotic medications, resulting in increased hospital readmissions and significantly more severe symptoms (p. 262). sermon is further compromised when a patient does not fully buy into his treatment governing and comply with his doctors, counselors, or therapists.Research shows that several different ways have been certain to try to improve compliance such as pharmacologic methods, case management, and assertive community treatment programs these do help but improved insight and at titudes about schizophrenia has shown to be most helpful for an individual to take ownership for their recovery. Moreover, without treatment, many individuals continue to experience several relapses because the untreated disorder is not addressed (Cherry, 2007, 39). Atypical antipsychotics are recommended for reducing substance abuse in schizophrenia patients and have been shown to be effective in this manner (Keith, 2007, 259). Studies however do show that those that have developed a strong alliance with their therapist are more likely to comply with a prescribed medication regime (p. 262). Keith additionally adds that, treatment for persons who have both schizophrenia and substance abuse was evaluated by incorporating cognitive-behavioral drug relapse prevention strategies into a skills training method earlier developed to teach social and independent living skills to patients with schizophrenia.Results demonstrated that participants learned substance-abuse management skills, and that their drug use decreased. Improvements were also noted in medication adherence, psychiatric symptoms and quality of life (p. 263). All in all, recovery is possible for the dual-diagnosed patient, but long term treatment and persistence is required studies have shown that most individuals experience a long line of relapses and several suicidal attempts before fully embracing recovery. Although it is an ugly part of recovery for many of those with schizophrenia, suicidal thoughts and attempts are common. Suicide accounts for approximately10-20% of patient deaths in schizophrenia. In this context, the identification of factors contributing to depression in schizophrenia may have implications for the prevention and treatment of these symptoms (Potvin, 2007, 793). Research has shown that this particular population is at an increased risk after being prescribed clozapine or olanzapine and they are currently abusing substances likewise an increased awareness needs to be do by those working with these individuals to identify and screen for the suicidal ideation (Keith, 2007, p. 61). In conclusion, the prevalence of schizophrenia and substance abuse is great in this country as intimately as the age of onset of symptoms and age of first use. Individual treatment issues as well as recovery issues can act as a barrier to one achieving recovery. Although recovery has been shown to be attainable, suicidal thoughts and attempts can be a major deterrent to many individuals experiencing it through increased compliance via pharmacological services, case management or other methods, individuals can see it.So, schizophrenia or substance abuse which came first, the chicken or the egg? Ill let you decide personally I will work in the framework of integrated treatment and work with the co-occurring disorder. References Cherry, A. L. , Dillon, M. E. , Hellman, C. M. , &Barney, L. D. (2007). The AC-COD Screen Rapid Detection of People with the Co-Occurring Disorders of Substan ce Abuse, Mental Illness, Domestic Violence, and Trauma. Journal of Dual Diagnosis*, No Volume/Issue, 35-53. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host.OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Hsiao, R. ,& McClellan, J. (2007). Substance Abuse in Early onset Psychotic Disorders. Journal of Dual Diagnosis*, No Volume/Issue, 87-99. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Keith,S. (2007). Dual Diagnosis of Substance Abuse and Schizophrenia amend Compliance with Pharmacotherapy. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 1(3), 259-269. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 .Kuppin. (2008). Public Conceptions of Serious Mental Illness and Substance Abuse, Their Causes and Treatments Findings from the 1996 General mixer Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 96(10), S120. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Potvin. (2007). Meta- analysis of depressive symptoms in dual-diagnosis schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(10), 792-799. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 .

Automobile Sector in India Essay

The car fabrication in India is one of the largest in the world and one of the fastest growing globally. India manu occurrenceures over 17. 5 one million million vehicles (including 2 wheeled and 4 wheeled) and exports about 2. 33 million every year. It is the worlds second largest manufacturer of motorcycles, with annual gross sales exceeding 8. 5 million in 2009. Indias rider car and commercial vehicle manufacturing manufacturing is the seventh, with an annual production of more than 3. 7 million units in 2010. consort to recent reports, India is set to evanesce Brazil to become the sixth largest passenger vehicle producer in the world, growing 16-18 per cent to sell around iii million units in the course of 2011-12. In 2009, India emerged as Asias fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. We atomic number 18 all well aw are of the fact that, for decades the Indian automobile pains was way behind some of the close influential econ omies in the world like USA and Japan. The Indian automobile perseverance, though in its nascent stage, is expected to set the ball rolling in the Indian Economy as well.Coming to the automotive slides, today, the Indian automobile patience is one of the most vibrant, modern and upbeat automobile markets in the world. It is similarly the second largest dickens-wheeler market in the global map. With the emergence of the financially sound ticker class, the four-wheeler subdivision is set for tremendous outgrowth and one can expect of more impetus to the economy from this sector. No wonder then that this industry has become the centre of attraction for most of the global automotive giants the world over.The factors playing a key role in the Indian automobile industry trends are as follows Government Unlike in the past, the Indian Government has gone through a total role reversal by comme il faut the enabler rather than the controller. In the recent past it has started providin g better infrastructure and a conducive atmosphere to attract investments and implementing growth oriented economic policies. Competition With the culmination of the multinationals, an immense pressure has grown on the Indian companies.As a result, a lot of joint ventures have mastermindn place, some others have invested intemperately on R&D to build their own empires and the rest have perished. Customer Armed with broad(prenominal)er buying power and an ever change magnitude lookout from products and services, the customer is undoubtedly the king and has propelled a fierce competition among the major players in the market. Pollution and Safety Norms cars as well as two-wheelers have met the most stringent international norms of pollution. Euro II vehicles have become the norm of the day all over India.Unfortunately, in the Indian context, safety in motor vehicles is a relatively neglected area. Bad roads coupled with the absence of adequate safety features in the vehicles such as airbag and crumple zone unavoidably ready attention. But awareness is on the increase and the use of seat belts while driving has been made mandatory. Bikes Keeping apace with the global trends the two-wheeler segment has witnessed tremendous growth both qualitatively and quantitatively. Bikes with higher engine capacities have done commendably well on the Indian roads. Bike styling and fuel efficiency has also seen major developments.In short, the Indian automotive industry is set for exponential growth in the future. Consistent growth and dedication have made the Indian automobile industry the second- largest tractor and two-wheeler manufacturer in the world. It is also the fifth-largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in the world. The Indian automobile market is among the largest in Asia. The key players like Hindustan Motors, Maruti Udyog, Fiat India closed-door Ltd, Tata Motors, Bajaj Motors, Hero Motors, Ashok Leyland, Mahindra & Mahindra have been dominating the vehic le industry.A few of the foreign players like Toyota Kirloskar Motor Ltd. , Skoda India Private Ltd. , Honda Siel Cars India Ltd. have also entered the market and have catered to the customers needs to a large extent. Not only the Indian companies but also the international car manufacturing companies are focusing on compact cars to be delivered in the Indian market at a much smaller price. Moreover, the automobile companies are culmination up with financial schemes such as easy EMI repayment systems to boost sales. There have been exhibitions like Auto-expo at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi to share the scientific advancements.Besides, there are many reinvigorated projects coming up in the automobile industry leading to the growth of the sector. Year All Vehicles (in 000) Two Wheelers (in 000) Cars, Jeeps and Taxis (in 000) Buses (in 000) Goods Vehicles (in 000) Other Vehicles (in 000) 200154,99138,5567,0586342,9485,795 200258,92441,5817,6136352,9746,121 200367,00747,5198,5997213,492 6,676 200472,71851,9229,4517683,7496,828 200580,04557,41710,4608224,0537,337 200688,06863,48711,5718794,3457,891 200796,80870,14112,8109364,6528,464 2008106,59177,58814,2221,0035,0189,065.Total Number of Vehicle Registrations in India from 2001 to 2008 Investment in Automobile Sector Nearly every automobile company is investing at a higher rate than ever before to achieve a high growth trajectory. The overall investment in the sector has been increasing quite rapidly. It is expected that by the end of 2010 Indian automobile sector will be investing a huge amount as Rs. 30,000 crores. Top ten players in the Indian automobile sector- The domestic players as well as the foreign players dominate the Indian automobile sector.The key players contributing to the growth of the sector are discussed below. The key players in Indian automobile industry are 1) Maruti Udyog Limited 2) Hero Motors Limited 3) Tata Group 4) Bajaj Auto Limited 5) Mahindra Group 6) Ashok Leyland 7) Yamaha Motor India 8) Hyundai Motors India Limited 9) Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited 10) Honda Siel Cars India Limited Growth in the Sector At present the industry is enjoying a growth rate of 14-17% per annum, with domestic sales growth at 12. 8%. The growth rate is predicted to recur by 2015.As it is seen, the total sales of passenger vehicles cars, utility vehicles and multi-utility vehicles in the year 2005 reached the mark of 1. 06 million. The current growth rate indicates that by 2012 India will overtake Germany and Japan in sales volumes. Financing schemes have become an important factor in the growth of automobile sales. More and more financial schemes are coming up with easy installment plans to lure the customers. Apart from domestic production, the industry is consistently focusing on the automobile exports. The auto component segment is contributing a lot in the export arena.The liberalized policies of the government are now making the companies go for more and more exports. T he automobile exports are increasing year by year. According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufactures (SIAM) automobile exports in the last five years are as follows- Export trend over the last five years List of predictions for this year by looking at what the bygone year had given us. The Indian automobile industry is going through a phase of rapid change and high growth. With sassy projects coming up on a regular basis, the industry is undergoing technological change.The major players are expanding their plants and focusing on mass customization, mass production, etc. Domestic Sales Volumes Will Rise but Growth Could Come big money The 2010 calendar year was great for the Indian automobile industry, and sales of vehicles are expected to continue upward journey in 2011. However, the industry may non be able to copy the growth judge registered in the last two years. In the first half of 2010, the industry witnessed a steep 32% average monthly sales growth, which came do wn to 25% in the latter(prenominal) half.In addition, the year-on-year growth in sales is expected to be higher during the latter half of 2011 as compared to the growth in the first half of the year. Along with the high base effect of 2010, the awaited firm up of interest rates could also bring about the reduction in growth rates this year. Exports to Increase in 2011 Almost 65% of total automobile exports from India are two-wheelers, and as a result, performance of this segment has a major influence on overall auto export volumes. And after experiencing over 30% jump in exports in 2010, the industry is expected to register moderate growths in two-wheeler exports in 2011.Nonetheless, a competitive and aggressive approach from the original equipment manufacturers vehicle categories (commercial vehicles, passenger vehicles and two & three wheelers) would help bring an increase in overall export of vehicles from the Indian market in 2011. Additionally, there are many companies that wan t to consume India their export hub, thereby increasing the chances of increasing exports. Healthy Economic Growth to Uplift Sales Healthy growth of the economy would drive the automobile sales in the domestic market.The chief growth drivers of the automobile industry in the Indian market would be stable economic environment, healthy IIP growth, favourable liquid and availability of finance. Other things that would positively affect the Indian automobile industry include road network development activities, strong growth in social system activities and the expected healthy performance of the industrial sector. When it comes to personal transport vehicles, increase in disposable income and a strong line up of upcoming new launches is expected to boost demand and sales.The passenger vehicle industry (cars + utility vehicles) is expected to witness launch of as many as 30 new models/variants in 2011. Much in with 2010, 2011 will also see a lot of action in the small car segment. Sal es of luxury cars is also going to grow at a fast pace. Sports utility vehicles (SUV), which have a relatively smaller market share in the Indian passenger vehicle market is also going to grow up tremendously as manufacturers have lined up 10 new model launches for the coming year.Indian car manufacturers are also doubling up their efforts to push their passenger vehicles into the rural and semi-urban markets, which would greatly enhance sales. Profit margins to improve marginally The Indian automobile is expected to record growth in revenues supported by in the domestic as well as export market. Nevertheless, as the goodness prices are expected to remain constant, the pressure on margins would increase largely. Besides, the entry of several other OEMs that have lined up elaborate investment plans is also going to benefit the industry in the domestic market.The new car launches that have been lined up for this year are going to increase disbursement on advertising and promotional activities. But that is no cause for the buyers as these companies are likely to transfer only a small part of the terms burden by increasing the car prices. Strategies that manufacturers are likely to adopt are 1 Commercial vehicles 2 New model launches 3 Product innovation would take prime importance to create new market segments 4 Launch new cars for the international market 5 Easy car finance options for potential customers 6 Competitive price Key Success Factors.The Key Success factors in the Motor Vehicle Manufacturing industry are Efficiency factor Improve labour productivity, labour flexibility, and crownwork efficiency Resource Availability Quality manpower availability, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability Effective cost controls Close relationship with supplies and goods distribution channels. asylum of export markets Growth of export markets Having an extensive distribution/collection network Goods distribution channels.Successful industria l relations policy Ethical and tactical industrial relations Access to the latest available and most efficient technology and techniques The degree of investment in technological improvements and product development Optimum potentiality utilisation The level of plant utilisation Management of high quality assets portfolio Understanding implications from Government policies References- Wikipedia Rcnos. com Managementparadise. com www. carazoo. com siamindia. com automobileindia. com.

Parts Emporium Case

Case 3 MBA_731 John Burkhart 11/21/12 split Emporium EG151 Exhaust Gasket DB032 Drive Belt1. Total costs for EG151 include ordering costs and holding costs. Compare this to the current system costs. You do no need to include the cost of safety stock for this comparison. real(a) cost for this part $4. 16 Ordering Cost $20. 00 Holding cost 20% of caudex investment Units on hand 0 Units on back order 11 Units scheduled receipt 150 Total Cost $624 + $20 + $cxxv = $7692.Total costs for the DB032 include ordering costs and holding costs. Compare this to the current system. You do not need to include the cost of safety stock for this comparison. Actual cost for this part $4. 27 Ordering Cost $10. 00 Holding cost 20% of inventory investment Units on hand 324 Total Cost $1,383. 50 + $10 + $277 = $1670. 503. Proposed system for EG151 determine both Q and R. 2. 86 x 52 = 1494. Proposed system for DB032 determine both Q and R. 1. 76 x 52 = 925.For EG151 proposed system, rate the cost of both safety stock and stock outs. Calculate the cost of stock outs for the current system. Does the safety stock pay off?6. For BD032 proposed system, calculate the cost of both safety stock and stock outs. Calculate the cost of stock outs for the current system. Does the safety stock pay off?Resources Krajewski, L. , Ritzman, L. , & Malhotra, M. (2010). Operations caution process and supply chains. (10th ed. ). New Jersey Prentice Hall.

Sarah James in Mexico Case Study Analysis

This interesting case study was a terrific example of well-intentioned people doing everything correctly in terms of logistics, unless failing to consider and plan for the human side of this very personal and unique interaction. As the text relates to us, Sarah James seemed on news report like a perfect representative for the inaugural term of the exchange syllabus between Palm Lakes University (PLU) and the Instituto de Negocios Internationales (INI). Her initial performance in Mexico indicated that she was on line for succeeder. She did well enough in her course operate on and in a screening process to be chosen for a business internship.Sarahs success in Mexico was important to a number of stakeholders. Obviously, Sarah herself would benefit from her schooling and internship in Mexico in addition to her degree, she would gain business experience and an chance to add references to her ultimate business resume. For PLU, the exchange political program offered a marvelous m arketing chance in the ability to provide students of international management courses with international work experience. This would guard the college more attractive to prospective students. Similar benefits would come to INI.Less obvious may be the potential garnering to the community in which INI operates. Businesses would presumably profit from the work of student interns and might also use the internship program as a screening process for potential employees. Finally, the families which soldiersed the students would benefit from the stipend they would be paid, and less tangibly from the cross-cultural interaction. The text does non provide too much detail more or less the work experience, except for a brief reference that things had gone well in her work environment.It is interesting to note that at work and in school, Sarah performed well. These are both environments in which one can be reasonably definite what is expected. Regardless of whither we are working or lear ning, we incur tasks which we are responsible to accomplish. It appears that Sarahs trouble occurred exclusively in her interpersonal relations with her horde family. In an article for her blog in The Huff Post Education , author H Tavangar provides insight on an exchange experience which seems to have been very haughty for all parties involved.She describes the benefits of opening her home, among them growth in global competence for her accept children confidence in socializing, working, solving problems, and finding new ways to communicate with divers(prenominal) colleagues and friends for the drove and exchange families and perhaps most importantly, Adapting to living with someone raised by different parents can teach our kids much just or so their tolerance for different habits, and become better communicators and more cooperative, assertive, flexible, resilient, patient, grateful, compassionate and forgiving adults which is important as a college roommate, spouse, or business partner. Early in her article, she makes an important point Its neer the right time. While she is referring directly to the changed logistics in her home life which would be necessitated by hosting an exchange student, I feel she makes a broader point present about flexibility. As you read her article, it certainly seems that the experience which she, her family, and their exchange student (to whom she refers as my new daughter) was a resounding success. Several points struck me about Sarah as I read the case study. In the first paragraph of her email she says she enjoyed practicing Spanish and hearing about (Mexican) finishing and beliefs.This was my first clue that here was a young woman not invested in cultural exchange but who saw the program as something exclusively for her benefit (and potential benefits she did not fully grasp, at that). Certainly it is true that using Spanish in a classroom is very different from conducting all your daily interactions in the d elivery however, her very phraseology tells us that she saw her host family, fellow students and coworkers as people upon whom she could practice conejillo de Indias, or guinea pigs.Her reference to hearing about the culture and beliefs further tells us that she did make an effort forward to her trip, to truly learn about Mexico. A practical and a sensitive person would have analyze Mexican history and culture in general and also those same subjects in terms of the specific state or region in which she would be living. The more disturbing impression, however, is that of her watching day to day life, but not participating in it, as though she were a visitor to some liberal of cultural zoo.She seems to spend her time with her host family looking exclusively through her own cultural lens. This is particularly apparent in her complaints about the host family not being prepared for her vegetarian diet. The Mexican diet relies heavily on beef, on chicken and on lard for preparing many dishes. Sarah makes no reference to having researched the commonality of vegetarianism where she would be staying to having any advance preparations regarding it or to offering to purchase and cook her own food to accommodate it.Far from considering the burden of additional work and expense for the host family, she seems to have simply expected them to provide for her needs, and not to have been appreciative of their efforts in that regard. It is interesting to note that she was not the only student to encounter this issue that speaks to a failure in planning on the part of PLU. We are advised in the case study that the PLU asked only the most rudimentary questions of students chosen for the program, and that PLU had no knowledge of what preparations were made by INI with the host families.There are multiple additional indications that Sarah viewed her host home as something of a hotel which was lacking. With regard to a ride to the drome on the day of her departure, we are told t he host mother indicated several times she would provide transportation. If this subject was mentioned several times the message may in fact have been that it was troublesome in terms of schedule, expense and/or inconvenience for the host mother. When the question arose of payment for the day of students departure, Sarah simply suggested the host family contact INI.Far from being concerned about whether than how the loss of a partial days stipend would impact the family, Sarah never gives a thought as to why the family brought it up to her in the first place. Mexico is collectivistic that is, hierarchies (actual or sensed) are highly regarded and it is seen as taboo to try to work outside of them. In the situation expound here, INI in general and Alberto Jiminez in particular may be viewed as authority figures. It might seem disloyal to Jiminez for the host family to complain (or even to be viewed as complaining, such as asking for the partial day stipend).They may also fear excl usion from future opportunities to host. If Sarah contacted INI to ask about the payment, the request would not be viewed as coming from the family. The final catastrophe of this experiment comes when Sarah mentions that she would be moving to her own apartment for future terms. She has no regard for how this would be perceived by either university how it might impact the program as a whole and how her decision might directly impact her host family. The stipend the host family earned during her stay most possible made up a significant portion of their income.Her unilateral decision to move out would adversely impact them not only in the short term (loss of stipend for her) but possibly also in the long term (if they were not offered the opportunity to host other students). Additionally, the potential negative impact to the program and the relationship between the universities is enormous. Sarah is a product of her home culture in that she is clearly individualistic in all her views , freely sharing commentary on what she thinks should have been done to make her more comfortable.Her feedback seems to have been mainly a venue for complaint about how the program did not allow her to live her own lifestyle in the Mexican culture completely missing the point of the program and not benefitting from the tremendous opportunity she was given. One wonders what, if anything, she truly learned about Mexico and its people. She was not open-minded and looked at the situation only from the perspective of her own benefit, learning opportunity, and convenience or inconvenience. She seems to have looked at the host family as hoteliers whose job was to provide her accommodations tailored to her liking.She completely disregards the fact that she was staying in and disrupting someones home. There is no present of consideration of how she could have been flexible, helpful, better prepared, or less offensive. While Sarah may be viewed as flexible and cooperative in her own envir onment, she clearly feels her own lifestyle her culture is superior to that in which she was set down. With regard to preparation and training, several failures are evident. From a practical standpoint, the selection and preparation process for both students and host families is clearly lacking. Even the rudimentary information collected on the students (i. . , dietary restrictions) seemed not to have been shared with, or explained to, the host families. Far from the arduous situation this created in the case study, such a glaring omission could create a medical emergency for a visiting student. The two universities need to collaborate to develop a thorough selection and preparation program. For students, there should be a requirement for them to demonstrate an understanding of the day to day beingness in which they will be living diet, cooking, shopping, transportation, family schedule, religious observations and what they can and can not expect from their hosts.Most of all, the universities need to recognize that as young adults it may never occur to some of these students that they are not entitled to special treatment from a family on whom they are, after all, imposing. Part of the preparation process should be to tailor-make them to the fact that they are moving into a home and sharing a family situation, rather than checking in to the Marriott. For host families, it would seem that very little information was provided to them about their student in fact, the case study tells us that PLU had no knowledge what, if any, preparation was undertaken for the host families.In terms of selection, a simple survey on attitudes, beliefs, schedules, flexibility and requirements might help make more successful matches between families and students. Providing biographical information and allowing advance correspondence between the parties would allow them some introduction prior to the program beginning. It might also be a terrific idea to allow the student to m eet someone from the district where they would be staying, and the host family to meet someone from the United States, in an informal environment.A basic talk about day to day life may increase comfort levels and given stakeholders an opportunity to ask basic questions they may not wish to ask authorities. On an ongoing basis, compiling these questions and sharing the answers with each successive group of participants would go a long way. Equally important, if a student or family is not a good fit for the program, this would give them a way to recognize that forwards it is too late.After each term, the students and families should be surveyed as to what went well, what did not work, and what could have been done differently to make the program more successful. Once Sarah released her email, it was critical to the future of the program that the situation she created be properly handled. Professor McGill would need to personally reach out to Albert Jiminez to offer apologies for Sara hs lack of sensitivity. A discussion with the host family (especially the mother, who likely bore the brunt of the inconvenience of Sarahs visit) should be held to ensure that their side of situation was understood. The input of the host family should be solicited apologies offered to INI and to the family for the offense given and a plan wasted up to make the program more successful going forward. Careful listening, planning, and agreement between the schools may be able to ease the tension Sarah unknowingly created. As the first student in an effort intended to promote international business major program and build the relationship between PLU and INI, Sarah was in a precarious position. She does not seem to have been prepared to truly learn about Mexico by living like her hosts and considering her impact on them.Beyond expressions of gratitude for the opportunity she was given Sarahs contact should all have been with and through Professor McGill. Also, she need not have waited u ntil her term was over. Opening the door to communication in the lead a problem escalates will usually allow us to control how big a problem it becomes. sphericization requires companies to seek employees who understand how business is conducted globally. The program in which Sarah enrolled was intended to prepare her for an increasingly competitive international business world.She had the opportunity to become grounded in a culture and language foreign to her, but due to her own self-absorption, as well as failure to plan on the part of both universities, I believe she missed out on the potential benefits. ? References Steers, R. M. Sanchez-Ruiz, C. J. Nardon, L. (2010) Management Across Cultures Challenges and Strategies. New York, NY Cambridge University Press Tavangar, H. A. (August 2, 2011) 5 Lessons I Learned Hosting an Exchange Student Huff Post Education Retrieved from http//www. huffingtonpost. com/homa-sabet-tavangar/5-lessons-i-learned-hosti_b_916347. tml Andrews, W. A. (January 19, 2009) Sarah James in Mexico Often Wrong But Never in Doubt. London, Ontario Ivey Management Services Hollenbeck, G. P. , & McCall, M. W. 2003. Competence, not competencies Making global executive development work. In W. Mobley & P. Dorfman (Eds. ), Advances in Global Leadership (Vol. 3). Oxford JAI Press. Canisius College International Business Program Overview, http//www. canisius. edu/international-business/program/ HSBC Careers Page, Global Employee Programs, http//www. hsbcnet. com/hr/graduate-careers/business-areas/global-research. html

Compare Piaget and Vygotsky

Cognitive victimization is the term used to describe the structure of thought process, including remembering, problem solving and decision- devising, from boorhood through adolescence to adulthood. In this essay I will compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky, some(prenominal) of which were enormously significant contributors to the cognitive exploitation component to/in psychology. In addition to this I will also weigh up the strengths and weaknesses of each theory and outline how they can be applied to an readingal background.At the centre of Piagets theory is the principle that cognitive development occurs in a series of four distinct, universal stages, each characterized by increasingly sophisticated and abstract levels of thought. He believed that these stages always occur in the uniform order, each builds on what was learned in the previous stage and that the development resulted from two influences maturation and interaction with surroundings. Although Vygotskys theory track downs along similar lines to Piaget the belief that children were active in their learning.He focused much on the importance of social interaction and language and how they both play a fundamental influence on childrens development of understanding. Although both psychologists adjudge that totally children go through stages, they were distinguished by antithetical styles of thinking, and approach to analysing the cognitive development process. The stages were the centre of Piagets theory while Vygotsky only acknowledged them in his theory. Piagets theory unlike Vygotsky, generalized children into age groups and ranked their abilities accordingly.For example Piaget believed that all children that reach The concrete Operational stage (ages 7-11) have all overcome centration and twist decentred, they are cap adequate to(p) of mastering the principles of classification, seriation and class inclusion. However, Vygotsky maintained the concept that if a chil d follows the adults example he will gradually develop the ability to do certain tasks without help or attention. He called the difference between what a child can do with help and what he or she can do without guidance the zone of proximal development (ZPD).As a result of this unlike approach to children, we can relate this to the reason why unlike Piaget, Vygotsky acknowledged the issue of Special Educational needs and how some children might be of the same age as their peers but find it difficult to complete the same tasks cause of other issues. Vygotsky believed that learning leads to development and that Pushing the child as such was to be encouraged in order to develop the potential the child can reach. On the other hand, Piagets theory was based on biological maturation, an understanding that intelligence is gained as a process that is developed over time.Both psychologists believed that interaction was the key to the development of the child. However, they both focused on a different interaction. Piaget acknowledged the importance of the childs interaction with the environment whilst Vygotsky on the other hand stressed the importance of social interaction and of having someone who knows more than the child and who can help the child learn something that would be too difficult to do alone. Piaget saw the child as a scientist, he learnt things in solitary on his own, while Vygotsky saw the child as an apprentice because he learnt as a result of social collaboration.Consequently, the way that they viewed the role of the teacher in a childs life differed. Piaget believed that the teacher was the facilitator, the one that provides the interaction in the environment. As opposed to Vygotskys belief that the teacher is the expert that provides the scaffolding support to children as they are learning cutting things. In addition to this Vygotsky believed that language was crucial for the cognitive development. He believed that the greatest advantage in develop ment comes when we get to the stage of being equal to(p) to internalize language.One of the biggest differences between these theories was that Vygotsky was able to put his theories into practice in a school setting. Unlike Piaget, who was of an academic background and didnt apply his theories. Never the less, they both theories influenced education and empahsied the importance of assessment however Vygotsky wanted the observation of children and their abilities to be as valied as test scores. Most of the criticism of Piagets work is in regards to his research methods. A major source of his inspiration for the theory was based on his observations of his own children.And because of this small sample group, people believe that it is difficult and untimely to generalise his findings to a larger population. Similarly, many psychologists believe that Piaget underestimated the age which children could accomplish certain tasks and that sometimes children understand a concept before they are able to demonstrate their understanding of it. For example, children in the Sensorimotor stage may not search for a hidden object because their motor skills are not developed, kind of than because they lack object permanence. This has been supported by evidence from Bower & Wishart (1972).They found that the way that an object is made to disappear influences the childs response. As easy as this, Piagets theory has been said to overestimate that every child and adult reaches the formal operational stage of knowledge development. Dasen (1994) claims that only a third of adults ever reach this stage. The lack of empirical support in regards to Piagets suggestion that the cognitive development is built from the conflict that endures by placing the child in a state of disequilibrium was critisied by other psychologists. For example, Inhelder et al. 1974) showed that children learn better in situations of mild conflict. Also, Piaget focused on childrens mistakes and thus may have unmarked important mental abilities of the children by focusing on in what connection did they make their error during the task. Although Piagets theory has quite a lot of criticism, he will always be known as one of the most influential psychologists. His theory is known to have had a great contribution to education and has provided a starting point for other psychologists research which has helped us develop and understand the cognitive development.When compared with Piagets theory, a major weakness to Vygotskys theory is that there is little empirical research relation to it. This is probably due to his early death and because the theory focuses on the process of the cognitive development and not of the outcomes like Piagets. In addition to this, many psychologists believe that vygotsky might have over emphasised the influence that social interaction on childrens learning capabilities. However on the other hand, it is said that he underemphasized the biological and individual fac tors of the cognitive development.Vygotsky encouraged being aware of the children potential and how with the proper assistance or support from an adult or a peer with more knowledge the child is capable of learning more. Through this simple observation he gave it the term of Zone of Proximal Development . Hughs (1975) and Donaldson (1978) proved this by demonstrated that the same tasks that Piaget set for the children can be made understandable by making them more child friendly by providing a familiar social atmosphere.The practical application of the ideas presented by both Piagets and Vygotskys theories in a classroom could help a classroom run more smoothly by providing the teacher with different teaching methods. A teacher following Piagets theories would be likely to group children of similar levels of development together. The teacher would encourage abstract thought during discussions, and be certain to build on previous information that the students had been given.However, when interrogation the skills and knowledge of the students, the teacher would be more likely to use questions that evoked concrete answers such as true or false questions. The teacher would be more likely to go over past information add new information, assign individual assignments, and then test the students knowledge on the subject. On the other hand, a teacher following Vygotskys theories would be more likely to form groups of diverse students with different skill levels and different levels of knowledge, possibly even setting up tutors for slower students.The teacher would be more likely to assign group projects and give the students problems to solve, as opposed to asking questions that can be answered with a concrete answer. In addition to this, the teacher should attempt to create a lesson that would incorporate all three stages of learning by providing the information to the students, allowing diverse groups to work together and then assigning an individual task that test s the students ability to think through the information and problem on their own. Which would help prove that with the help they sure before they were apable of doing the next task by themselves. Although both theories can be applied to an educational setting, their implications on a classroom would arise in different manners. By only applying Piagets theory in a classroom, for example grouping children of similar levels of development would produce a group of smart children and a group of less capable children. In doing this, the classroom could become a place where the less capable children would be known as underachievers and taunted by the more academical children.Similarly, only applying Vygotskys theory in an educational, for example, by forming groups of diverse students with different skill levels an different levels of knowledge together, only applying Vygotskys theory in an educational, the able children will always be assisting the less able and it may hinder their abili ties to learn. In conclusion, I think that both Piagets and Vygotskys theories offer different insight into how children learn and that maybe by combining the different ideas from both of them would help in building a good teaching classroom.

Nature of Knowledge Essay

In the study of knowledge we distinguish between knowledge by acquaintance, in essence to know somebody or know of something. Ability knowledge is for example to know how to swim or how to ride a bike. And, our main concern, propositional knowledge that is sentences or statements that can be either true or false. To have knowledge one rents to have a belief and for this belief to be true. The following text ordain show how true belief, even if it is justified in a rational way, does not fulfil for knowledge.Take Nina, she is walking by some slot forms in the casino. She feels drawn to one of the machines, and believes it is her halcyon day and that she will win because of the nice appealing colors on the slot machine. She places her bet, the wheels spin and line up ternion lucky 7s, she wins and her belief turns out to be a true one. But while her belief being true, intuitively this do not suffice for knowledge, as it is belatedly to ascribe this winning to pure chance.Even if different suppositions may justify Ninas belief in winning, it is natural to think that what Nina lacks in this situation to have knowledge, is justification. And also for this justification to be strong enough for Nina to be a rational being in believing she will win, without need to turn to superstition or vagueness to explain her belief. But even if Nina where to have a justified true belief, which she organise in a rational way, it is easy to show that this neither suffice for knowledge.Say Nina is a con girl, she has tricked the manager of the slot machine manufacturer to give her a manual, showing all the results the machine can produce, together with a serial number for each spin which is also displayed on the slot machine. So it is easy to look down in the manual what the next result will be. It is noon and Nina is now standing in front of the slot machine in the casino. She reads the serial number in the display and matches it in her manual.The next spin will line up thre e lucky 7s and win. She places her bet and spins the wheel. Unbeknown to Nina there was an fracture when printing the manual so all the numbers are mixed up, making the manual useless. And this day the casino owner celebrates his 60th birthday by letting all the machines go off program at noon and give every placed bet at that time the three lucky 7s line up. Ninas justified belief turned out to be true, but due to lucky and unlucky circumstances we do not ascribe knowledge to Nina in this situation.Nina was responsible and rational when forming her belief, considering she went the length to trick the boss to give her the manual to see which spins win. If her goal is to win at slots, she was responsible when gathering evidence and responsible and rational in believing her evidence.And even if this example showed that an agent with a justified true belief formed in a rational and responsible way, do not necessarily have knowledge. It is easy to see that even if the agent lacks knowl edge, she will often be successful in reaching her goals, because of the rational way she gains justification for her beliefs. Though it is not sufficient or may not even be undeniable to have justified true beliefs when trying to grasp the nature of knowledge.BibliographyPritchard D. (2006) What is this thing called knowledge?, Routledge, Oxon

Is Free Trade Desirable? Essay

The first part of this essay give be aimed towards understanding the concept of globalisation. We exit analyse the various advantages and disadvantages that arise as a expiry of globalisation. The second part of the essay will concentrate on investigating the benefits and drawbacks that arise from the extra change.In order to devise an completed and informative response to the essay question we must first understand the concept of globalisation. Globalisation is ab out(p) what is happening to economies on a world scale. Although the melodic theme is not often clear, every nonp atomic number 18il who talks about the concept recognises that the countries of the world tend to divide into two groups those with developed economies and those that are several(prenominal)times referred to as underdeveloped countries. The sparingally developed countries have modern industries and technologies (the U.S, Japan and the countries of western Europe). The create countries (most of Asi a, Latin America, and Africa) have more lower incomes and large groups of impoverished stack, especially peasants. heretofore approximately countries are in between and have characteristics of both kinds of economies (for example, states of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe).The economic interactions of globalisation are fundamentally about gigantic capital of the United Statess of the developed countries that operate just about the world. These are sometimes called multi discipline corporations these dominate the economies of the evolution countries along with a handful of global agencies much(prenominal) as the international M nonpareiltary Fund, the World Trade Organisation and the G-7 central banks. The results affect the majority of the working population in the developed countries, as shown by issues like frolic factories, satellite-linked offices and the attack on social welfare programs in the name of the salvage market.The term globalisation was original ly started in the 1960s to describeinternational capital flows. right away however, globalisation is not just capital flow, besides a revolution to counterbalance individual nations part of a global village, under one legislation. Basically, its to remove the distance between countries. As a result, its too the restructuring of everything, from politics, to the economy, to make it part of a global economy. The defining characteristic of globalisation is a alleviate market capitalism and trade liberalisation. The consequences of these changed however, have not been discussed and are under heated debate. While some people think of globalisation as primarily a synonym for global business, it is much more than that. The same forces that allow businesses to operate as if national borders did not exist also allow social activists, lying-in organizers, journalists, academics, and many others to work on a global stage. With the technological revolution, it is now a lot easier to do so .Advantages and Disadvantages of GlobalisationThe instauration of trade has always been present between people and between countries. However since the 2nd World War trade in goods and assets has gained a larger logical implication everywhere. There are various advantages related to globalisation first the foremost related to trade and investments spreading wealth and linking countries together, however simultaneously there are various negative consequences.Some of the main advantages areIncreased liquidity of capital allowing investors in developed nations to invest in developing countries.Increased free trade between nations.Corporations have greater flexibility to operate across borders.Increases in environmental protection in developed nations.There will be a reduction in the likelihood of war between developed nations.Greater independence of nation-states.Spread of democratic ideals to developed nations.There will be a reduction of cultural barrier, increases the global vill age effect.Faster and easier transportation of goods and people.There will be change magnitude flow of communication allowing vital cultivation to be shared between individuals and corporations around the world.The presence of global mass media will tie the world together.Some of the main disadvantages areCorporations seek out for the cheapest cranch, therefore there will be increased flow of skilled and non-skilled jobs from developed to developing nations.There is increased risk of economic disruptions in one nation affecting all nations.Corporate influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organisations and average individuals.There will be a threat that the conquer of world media by a handful of corporations will limit cultural expression.Greater chance of reactions for globalisation being violent in an attempt to stay on cultural heritage.Greater risk of disease being transported unintentionally between nations.International bodies like the World Trade Org anisation infringe on national and individual sovereignty.Increase in the chances of civil war within developing countries and open war between developing countries as they compete for resources.Spread of cautious lifestyle and attitude that sees consumption as the path to prosperity.What are some of the benefits of globalisation as put forward by the pro-globalisation movement?At a global level, globalisation has many benefits. For some people, it has been seen as an alleviation of poverty. One such example is the use of cut into in 3rd world countries. At world level, globalisation creates hundreds of millions of jobs, not unemployment. These are mainly in the developing countries, but they are only marginally at the expense of jobs in ripe(p) countries. As a result, the extra income would go to food and an improved lifestyle for some of the people living in 3rd world countries.For an example, the Japanese push industry, Honda is manufactured in Thailand, and the U.S. Nike spo rts wear clothing are manufactured in China and South East Asian countries. This shag create more jobs in the poorer countries and it also helps the wealthier countries. Due to the lower labour costs, larger quantities can be produced at a lower price. According to the World Bank report, it has said that developing countries have experienced high income growth, longer life expectancy, better schooling, higher wages and fewer people living in poverty since becoming merged in the global economy.Environmental protection could also be pursued at a global level. Where international impacts, international cooperation and technology innovation, each of which is enhance by the process of globalisation, can significantly accelerate efforts to find solutions. One such example is the whaling in Japan. With the population whales in the world declining, Japan was compressd into a Whaling Ban Treaty. Through this process, the amounts of whales around the world have gradually increased.More fun damentally,globalisation fosters economic growth, which in turn generates and distributes additional resources for environmental protection. Increased trade and investment also promote opportunities to exchange more environmentally efficient technologies, share good practices, and contribute to environmental capacity building, particularly in developing countries. Green house gasses are one example. Through the Kyoto Treaty, most of the worlds leading nations have signed a contract to reduce greenhouse emissions. Only America and Australia have not signed.What are some of the disadvantages of globalisation as put forward by the anti globalisation movement?In this utopian idea, there are still flaws and disadvantages mainly concern the developing countries. Some countries are just not fitted to compete with the cheap labour costs of other nation. The reason why countries such as Russia remain not integrated with globalisation is be catch they would lose many jobs. They are not sub ject to compete with the prices of international products and many of the local manufacturers would begin to close down. Employment, nationally, would decrease as the factories move to countries of cheaper labour costs. Also, Australia has suffered because of the lamb tariffs in the U.S. As a result of this, many Australian farms will become bankrupt. George Bush, though an avid supporter of free trade and trade liberalisation has puts tariffs on lamb to help the suffer U.S. farming industry. Such hypocrisy however, does not help promote the benefits of globalisation.Despite claims from pro-globalisation companies the globalisation helps alleviate poverty, the Oxfam Community Aid Abroad estimates the 60 countries, a 3rd of which are African, have become poorer since 1990. But why? Before some developing countries can join the globalisation market, they have to meet a accepted criteria before entering. This might include dismantling trade protection policies and privatising publi c assets. This would allow rich and powerful multinational companies to buy up everything at a cheap cost, which would leave developing countries without many assets.Free TradeThe free trade debate has been a long and very much politicized one since its conception, with people split up into camps such as Economic Liberalists and Neo-Mercantilists. Whether or not to impose a free trade system between countries has caused much veneratefulness and confusion within the public.Will free trade be unspoiled to all or will it cause unemployment in developed countries? Will it cause entire domestic industries to crumble under the pressure of cheaper foreign products or will it lead to more productive domestic markets and new jobs in prosperous export industries? Will it lead to a so called consort to the bottom in which countries compete for the most lax environmental standards and low wages so as to attract investment, or will it increase workers rights and wages in developing countrie s and encourage better environmental standards for all countries? These are just some of the issues looming the free trade debate.Economic Liberalists argue that free trade would be beneficial to all countries if each country exports goods that it has the comparative degree advantage in producing, and imports products that they do not specialize in producing. Thus maximizing profits in theyre own specialized exports and obtaining other goods cheaply from other countries. However, as Clive Hamilton observes (200261) the comparative advantage theory makes many assumptions that do not hold in reality. Assumptions such as the non-existence of unemployment, perfect competition and the overlooking of implicit cost such as pollution and damage to the natural word make this theory in applicable in the real world. Even so this theory trunk the basis for pushing free trade in the global market.Hamilton also stipulates that producing just what appears to be a countrys comparative advantage is not always the route to the highest profits. For example, in the 1950s the percussor to the World Bank advised South Korea to produce what was in its comparative advantage rice and silk. However South Korea ignored this advice and instead went on to invest in industrial markets like the automotive industry and today is generating huge profits as a result of this (200248). This suggests that free trade would lock countries down into producing goods that it appears to have the comparativeadvantage in while locking them out from realizing potential in other, previously unexplored markets. Many free trade advocates also put forward the case that free trade encourages competition.Ellig argues that By exposing domestic companies to diverse overseas competitors, free trade creates pressure to improve quality (200020ff). This stipulates that the introduction of little expensive quality goods from other countries will cause domestic companies to re-think strategies and operate more expedi tiously to compete with the foreign product. Thus improving the domestic market for that product. Hetzel also discusses this in his article The Free Trade Debate The whoremaster of Security Versus maturementFree trade is a major source that drives innovation. the McKinsey Global Institute.compared productivity for the United States, Germany and Japan in selected sectors For each country, the Institute found that sectors face up foreign competition were highly productive, while protected sectors where unproductive. For example, in Japan, food manufacturing and brewing are protected from foreign competition. In these sectors, output per man moment is only a third of that in the US. (199444)However there is a attention that foreign competition may not always be able to be met by domestic firms thus destroying entire domestic markets for certain products. For example countries that allow sweat shops, suppress trade unions, allow child labour and tolerate highly polluting production methods will always have an advantage over domestic markets such as textiles and clothing (Hamilton, 200262). This would prove to be hurtful to unskilled workers. Therefore there is a fear that free trade cannot be fair or advantageous to all countries until a set of marginal workers rights and acceptable production processes are imposed on all countries.This leads to another fear expressed in the free trade debate the so called race to the bottom in which large mega-corporations would move into countries that would allow them to produce their products at a lower cost due to low wages, the acceptance of child labour and no pollution restrictions in production plants, in turn prompting other countries tolower their minimum wages and environmental standards to keep themselves attractive to foreign investment. Hamilton argues that by permitting environmental subsidies a country can gain an unfair advantage in the international marketplace (200265). Hamilton sums up his fears when he statesWe frequently adjudicate business groups arguing that Australia cannot afford proposed restrictions on pollution such as greenhouse gas emissions or improvements in working conditions such as shorter hours because it reduces their combat against countries that have lower standards. They often threaten to move their operations to those countries giving rise to pressures for a race to the bottom. What is needed is a system that applies pressure to achieve minimum safety standards for all workers. (200248)This view is countered by economic liberalists who state that lower wages and pollution restrictions give countries only a small(a)er advantage in attracting investment. A common view is that the vast technological differences in developed and developing countries would make up for any advantage developing countries have by providing cheap labour and loose pollution restrictions (Hufbauer and Kotschwar quoted in Ellig 200022ff). some other view commonly held by pro-free tr aders is that increased trade with developing countries will create wealth, therefore increasing wages and working conditions in said countries (Ellig, 200023).The view that free trade would improve wages and working conditions in developing countries is seconded by Lukas in his paper WTO Report Card III globalisation and Developing Countries. Lukas highlights that although workers in the export sector of developing countries earn far less and endure much harsher working conditions than workers in the same sectors of developed countries, the compare being made should be what these workers earn in the export sector, in comparison to other, locally available opportunities. It whence becomes evident that employees in the export sector of developing countries are making much more than is offered in local opportunities (20007).Another notable point, is that employees of largedeveloped-country affiliate corporations, while making much less then theyre developed-country counterparts, ar e also paid significantly more then the average wage of the country they live in (20007). Lukas makes a significant observation that poor countries tend to move away from labour-intensive production as they scale the ladder of economic development. For example, South Koreas textiles and apparel industry constituted 40% of its exports in 1980, however, this figure dropped to 19% in 1993. Today South Korea is more focused on automotive and electronic exports than clothing, and therefore, average wages have skyrocketed (20007).Another crucial point raised by protectionists is the fear that free trade will lead to the exploitation of the environment, with developing countries willing to forego their natural resources in order to attract international corporations and investments in their countries. This leads to the fear that developed countries, will fall to competitive pressures and will lower theyre high environmental standards in order to remain feasible to investors, and this win t urn, will lead to a massive global environmental deregulation (Lukas, 20009). However, this view is debunked by economic liberalists stating that environmental standards make up only a small part of the factors that businesses take into account when choosing a location to manufacture in (Lukas 20009). Lukas argues thatSuch considerations as guaranteed property rights, a functioning legal system, a versed workforce, and sufficient infrastructure figure much more predominantly in the calculations of most entrepreneurs and business managers than do environmental regulations (20009).Another important consideration is that businesses make considerable cost savings when utilize standardized production techniques. Therefore companies usually operate at the highest world environmental standards rather then using different production methods in different areas (Lukas 20009). Ellig also states that as peoples income rises (as a result of trade), that they want a cleaner environment, and the wealthier a society becomes, the more it can afford to spend on environmental protection (200023). Ellig also citesa National (US) Bureau of Economic Research study that while studying 109 cities around the world, concluded that a 1% increase in income, leads to a 1% decrease in measured sulphur dioxide concentrations. This suggests that the more a country has the cleverness to trade, the cleaner the environment actually becomes.ConclusionIn todays corrupt society, it is hard to see globalisation work in a beneficial way for everyone. If it were to work, many of the rich and powerful nations would have to help many of the poorer nations, and not just with jobs (cheap labour), but use initiatives such as dept reduction or cancellation. Although some good has been done through globalisation more damage has also been caused. A global effort to improve and upkeep the cultural, living and economic standards of every country would be required. Also, powerful nations would have to follow the rules and guidelines set instead of bullying poorer countries to allow them not to follow it. Globalisation is advantageous for the globe, but the world has to think globally instead of nationally. This would be difficult as there are many rogue countries that disagree with the globalisation paradigm e.g. Iraq.The free trade debate is undoubtedly complex and difficult to conclude. The problem being that its politicised nature invokes many fears of unemployment and environmental breakdown. It is these fears that often cloud peoples public opinion and forbid them from looking at the problem in a logical objective manner. Would you think objectively if you thought your job was on the line? Although historically we know what protectionism can lead to the post World War I depressions, the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, all a result of primitive protectionism. To contrast this we can be benefits of increased trading in East Asia, with countries such as South Korea, and Singapore. No one can deny that increased trade makes a country wealthier and better off, so why then is free trade, the unlimited trade between all countries, so frightening?Bibliography and ReferencesJoseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents , 2002Ellig, J. 2000. Why Free Trade is Good for Consumers, Consumers Research, January 19-23.Hamilton, C. 2002. The Case For Fair Trade, Journal Of Australian Political Economy, 48 60-72.Hetzel, R.L. 1994. The Free Trade Debate The Illusion of Security Verses Growth, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, 80(Spring) 39-58.Lukas, A. 2000. WTO Report Card III Globalization and Developing Countries, http//www.freetrade.org/pubs/briefs/tbp-010es.html 1-19.

Water Quality Parameter Prediction In Stream Flow Environmental Sciences Essay

In This paper, the truth human beings presentation of preparation, evidence and outlook of monthly water feel parametric quantities is discussed when exploitation Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System ( ANFIS ) . This theoretical account analyze historical knowledges were generated through uninterrupted monitor Stationss of H2O woodland parametric quantities ( dependent variables ) of Johor River in grade to copy their secondary property ( unconditional variables ) . However, the teachings originating from supervising Stationss and experiment may be polluted by fraudulent scheme signals owing to arrangingatic slews and hit-or-miss luxates. This noisy informations frequently shufflings the address undertaking relatively hard. In auberge to counterbalance for this augmented noise the primary aim of this manuscript is to develop technique that mickle heighten the truth of H2O feature arithmetic mean ( WQP ) . Therefore, this critique suggests an augmented Wavel et Neuro-Fuzzy ( WDT-ANFIS ) establish informations merger force for WQP. The efficiency of the faculties was examined to look for hypercritical parametric quantities that affected cod to the urbanisation round the rivers. The parametric quantities withdraw been studied electrical conductivity ( COND ) , entire dissolved solids ( T.D.S ) and TURBidity ( TURB ) . Results showed that the optimal storey of truth was achieved by doing the distance of the cross- constitution equal to nonp beil fifth of the information record. Further more than, WDT-ANFIS aptitude out(a)performed the ANFIS cogency with significationant betterment in anticipation truth. This consequence indicates that the proposed blow is fundamentally an attractive option, offering a comparatively fast algorithm with honourable theoretical belongingss to de-noise and predict the H2O lineament parametric quantities. This new technique volition be valuable to help end shapers in describing the positio n of H2O quality, probe of spacial and temporal varietys.IntroductionWater quality mold is the footing of H2O pollution control undertaking. It predicts the inclination of H2O quality assortment harmonizing to the current H2O environment quality status, transportation and transmutation regulation of the pollutants in the river basin.In H2O quality mold, 1 reported that the turbidity was related closely to both its respiration rate and the H2O temperature. Model users will see sunniness strength fluctuation within the H2O column when imitating the eutrophication phenomenon 2 .These illustrations reflect that human password uses bing acquaintance to cut heap the fingers breadth of picks in order to raise the effectivity of theoretical account use. for each whiz(prenominal) clip, they tend to change simply one or two parametric quantities. This is because if they modify many parametric quantities at the same clip, they may easy acquire lost in the use way. However, colle ct to the coat and heterogeneousness of the behave possible stimulant variables, and because of the nonlinear nature of the undertaking, conventional regularitys are non assuring. To this terminal, unreal intelligence techniques ( AI ) techniques are dependent to mime this behaviour every bit good as to escort the lack.Recently, AI has been accepted as an efficient alternate legal instrument for mold of involved non-linear systems. The theoretical accounts unremarkably do nt see the internal mechanism but build theoretical accounts to look to H2O quality via the relationship amid comments and end products.At present, unreal intelligence techniques ( AI ) have been utilize intensively for anticipation in a figure of water-related countries, including H2O resource curriculum vitae 3 , oceanology 4 , and pains pollution 5 .The above survey attempts were usually ground on an premise that the informations to be utilize should be dependable and accurate. However, the informations originating from probe and experiment may be polluted by noise signals due to the subjective and/or nonsubjective breaks 6 . For illustration, the experiment mistakes may be resulted from measuring, reading, recording, and external conditions. Since these noisy signals are likely to falsify the consequences of theoretical accounts, it is a must to take them ( that is, signal denoising ) before utilizing any master key informations.Signals underside be denoised through the application of a set of additive filters 7 . However, one job of these filters is that they are more appropriate in additive systems than nonlinear systems. In add-on, Fourier analysis technique ( juicy ) is a classical tool for cut downing noises, but it is precisely suited for denoising data/signals incorpo evaluate sedate noises. Due to the noises that are shifty in real-world instances, its application is still limited. To get the better of the jobs of traditional denoising technique s, more sophisticated techniques such as wavelet de-noising technique ( WDT ) has been proposed.WDT is utile for denoising multi-dimensional spatial/ temporal signals incorporating steady/unsteady noises. It has been widely utilise to technology systems for patterns acknowledgment and cognition find 8 and 9 .However, few of these surveies were applied to H2O quality direction systems, where the H2O quality monitoring informations demands to be employ for parametric amount of money anticipation 10 . In this survey a WDT is proposed for cut downing noises induced by complex uncertainness.As mentioned before, there are many different types of AIs techniques among them unreal nervous webs ( ANN ) and adaptative neuro- woolly-headed illation systems ( ANFIS ) have late gained attending in literature. Although ANN is rather powerful for patterning assorted literal universe jobs, it besides has its defects. If the input informations are less accurate or equivocal, ANN would be fi ghting to manage them and a hazy system such as ANFIS might be a better option. ANFIS theoretical account shows significantly high truth and dependable in term of anticipation than ANN 11 .In this article, ANFIS might is proposed to forestall WQP at Johor River Basin. Furthermore, an augmented WDT-ANFIS based informations merger staff for WQPP will present. In add-on, comprehensive comparing analysis is carried out between ANFIS and DWT-ANFIS to measure the public presentation that achieved after take the noising from the informations.MethodologySTUDY AREAJohor is the 2nd largest province in Peninsula Malaysia with an country of 18,941 km2. Johor River considers the chief river in Johor. The river flows in a approximately north-south way and empties into the Johor. The H2O quality of Johor River has been deteriorated with change magnitude gunpoints of assorted pollutants. Besides, it persists to be silted and chocked by rubbish and wastes as a effect of storage of enforceme nt by local-authorities. These contaminations finally flow into Johor River Estuaries, which are rich wonts that provide engendering and feeding countries for fish and domestic fowl.In this research, a survey of ANN patterning to foretell entire dissolved solids, electrical conduction and turbidness in Johor River basin is presented. These H2O quality parametric quantities were measured 60 samples within continuance 1998-2007 at chief watercourse as shown in Fig. 1.WATER QUALITY PARAMETERSIn this survey, the H2O quality parametric quantities of involvements are entire dissolved solids ( T.D.Solids ) , electrical conduction and turbidness due to their importance in the Johor River and its feeder. The information appears that conduction is super affected due to cumulative consequence of urban land usage from upstream in the survey country. While, high parsimony of dissolved solids were found in the survey country and caused H2O balance jobs for aquatic beings. Furthermore, the turb idness determine exceed 300A NTU ( Nephelometric Turbidity Units ) . This poses serious jobs for the H2O intervention station located near the river.There are many parametric quantities more of import than what we selected in our survey such as COD, BOD and DO. unless the scope of BOD harmonizing to the vigour monitoring station in the survey country was found between ( 1-2 ) which indicate there is non much organic waste nowadays in the H2O. Same scenario was observed in COD information which is ranged ( 10-15 ) . Therefore, this manuscript focuses on critical parametric quantities that affected due to the urbanisation around the rivers.ADAPTIVE NEURO-FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM ANFISAdaptive neuro- blurry illation system ( ANFIS ) , foremost was proposed by Jang in 1993 12 , can accomplish a extremely nonlinear function and it is superior to uncouth additive systems in realize forthing nonlinear clip series 13 . Throughout this research, it was considered the ANFIS architectu re for the first order Sugeno fuzzy theoretical account 14 . The ANFIS is a multilayer provender forward web which uses nervous web larning algorithms and fuzzed logical thinking to correspond an input infinite to an end product infinite 15 . assume the fuzzy illation system under consideration has two inputs, ten and Y, and one end product, degree Fahrenheit for a first-order Sugeno fuzzy theoretical account, a common regulation set with two fuzzy if.then regulations can be expressed asRule 1 If x is A1and Y is B1 so f1=p1 x+q1 y+r1 ( 1 )Rule 2 If x is A2 and Y is B2 so f2=p2 x+q2 y+r2 ( 2 )Where A1, A2 and B1, B2 are the rank occasions ( medium frequency ) for inputs x and y, severally pi, chi and Rhode Island ( one = 1 or 2 ) are additive parametric quantities in the attendant portion of the first-order Sugeno fuzzy theoretical account. The fit tantamount ANFIS architecture is showed in Fig. 2, where nodes of the same bed have similar maps. ANFIS consists of five beds as surveyOptimization Scheme of ANFIS Module ParametersFor each of WQP we used same architectures that presented in Fig. 2.Where, troika inputs ( suspended solids, pH and temperature ) were used to foretell the TURB. One input ( T.D.S ) was used to foretell the COND, tour same faculty used to foretell the T.D.S after utilized the COND as input.It is to be noted that there is no analytical method to find the optimum figure of MFs. The optimum figure of MFs is normally determined heuristically and verified by experimentation. Hence, the figure of MFs is selected in test and mistake footing. In the interim, it is noted that we have tried foursome types of rank map ( a ) triangular, ( B ) trapezoidal, ( degree Celsius ) gaussian, and ( vitamin D ) bell-shaped to build the fuzzed Numberss. After a greathearted figure of tests, as a consequence bell-shaped distributed rank map compared with the others have obtained the minimal comparative mistake. Table 1 illustrates the figure and the types of MFs that adopted in this survey to make faculties.The ANFIS faculty is trained until devising certain minimal mistake or after finishing certain figure of developing era. In this survey, the less no. of loop was introduced in order to devour the clip Fig 3 depicts the alteration in Root Mean Square Error ( RMSE ) for the ANFIS faculty during preparation and cross- trial impression. It is obvious from the figure that the faculty reaches the end 300 era.WAVELET DE-NOISINGWavelet analysis represents the following logical measure after short-time Fourier varys ( STFT ) . It is based on a windowing technique with variable-sized parts. Wavelet transform ( WT ) allows the usage of long clip intervals where we want more precise low frequency information, and shorter parts where we want high frequence information 16 . In general, the major advantage offered by flips is the ability to execute local analysis that is to analyse a localized country of a larger signal. The discre te-time WT of a clip domain signal is given as 10 ( 3 )Where, is the female parent ripple while and are, severally, the grading and switching indices. The grading gives the DWT logarithmic frequence coverage in contrast to the unvarying frequence coverage of the STFT. This analysis method so consists of erupt uping a signal into constituents at several frequence degrees, which are related by powers of two ( a dyadic graduated table ) 16 . The filtrating attack to multi-resolution WT is to organize a series of half-band filters that divide a spectrum into a high frequence set and a low frequence set. It is formulated on a grading map or low-pass filter ( LP ) and a ripple map or high-pass filter ( UP ) 17 . Wavelet Multi-resolution analysis ( WMRA ) builds a pyramidic construction that requires an iterative application of grading and ripple maps to low-pass and high base on balls filters, severally. These filters ab initio act on the full signal set at the high frequence ( sma ll-scale values ) foremost and bit by bit cut down the signal set at each phase. As in Fig.4, the high-frequency set end products are delineated by the item coefficients ( Dl, D2, D3 ) , and the low-frequency set end products are represented by the estimate coefficients ( Al, A2, A3 ) .Optimum parametric quantity choice for wavelet de-noising of WQP informationsWhen utilizing ripples to de-noise WQP information, there are many factors that must be considered. Examples of these picks are which ripple, degree of decomposition, and doorsteping methods to utilize. MATLAB provides several house refuses of ripples including the Morlet, Mexican chapeau, Meyer, Haar, Daubechies, Symlets, Coiflets and Spline biorthogonal ripples and provides further certification about these ripple households 18 . In order to obtain perfect Reconstruction consequences, plainly extraneous ripples will be considered. The extraneous ripple transform has certain benefits. It is comparatively concise, allows for perfect Reconstruction of the original signal and is non comparatively hard to cipher. The two common methods of thresholding a signal are soft thresholding and difficult thresholding which are used in the MATLAB ripple tool chest 9. M. Misiti, Y. Misiti, G. Oppenheim and J.-M. Poggi. Wavelet Toolbox For pulmonary tuberculosis With, The Math Works Inc ( 1996 ) .18 . Although difficult thresholding is the simplest method, soft thresholding can bring forth better consequences than difficult thresholding. Therefore, the soft thresholding was adopted in this survey. There are four threshold choice regulations that are available to utilize with the ripple tool chest 9. M. Misiti, Y. Misiti, G. Oppenheim and J.-M. Poggi. Wavelet Toolbox For Use With, The Math Works Inc ( 1996 ) .18 are shown in table 2. These threshold choice regulations use statistical arrested development of the noisy coefficients over clip to obtain a non-parametric appraisal of the reconstructed signal witho ut noise. Merely the Sqtwolog was investigated in this survey which this method uses a fixed signifier threshold, which consequences in minimax public presentation multiplied by a factor proportional to logarithm of the space of the signal. Sing to the degree of decomposition, in this manuscript we reached the finality that a decomposition degree of 4 produced sensible consequences after utilised test and mistake method for all faculties.CROSS VALIDATION PROCEDURE FOR ANFIS MODULE fussy proof is a exemplary rating method that provides an indicant of how good the scholar will make when it is asked to do new anticipations for information it has non already seen. One manner to get the better of this job is to non utilize the full informations set when developing a scholar. Some of the information is removed before preparation Begins. Then when preparation is done, the informations that was removed can be used to prove the public presentation of the erudite theoretical account on new information. This is the elementary thought for a whole category of theoretical account rating methods called cross proof.The training/validation informations split can hold a important impact on the consequences of the theoretical accounts 19 . several(prenominal) methods for implementing the cross-validation theory were proposed in the literature nevertheless, the kernel of all these methods is similar. Among these different techniques the hold-out method is adopted in this survey due to its simpleness. Most of other methods ( like k-fold and Leave-one-out ) are computationally expensive.The hold-out method is the simplest sort of cross-validation. The information set is partitioned into two sets, called the preparation set and the testing set, without any peculiar pick of the divider. As shown in Fig. 5, the map approximator is trained to suit a map utilizing the preparation set merely. Then the map approximator is used to foretell the end product values for the information in the testing set.Elect optimal length of informations for Cross ValidationThe job with using the cross-validation attack in our survey is choosing the length of the information set utilised. It is of import for this choice to be representatives for characteristics of both developing informations set and the expect information set in the anticipation procedure. Different length of the cross-validation informations set of one ten percent, one fifth and one tierce of the information records has been examined Fig. 6.RESULT AND DISCUSSIONSince the H2O parametric quantities were truthfully monitored over these ten old ages, the public presentation of the proposed faculties can be examined and evaluated. The public presentations of the faculties are evaluated harmonizing to Mean Absolute Error MAE.( 4 )Where m is the figure of proving sample, pi ( political campaign ) is the theoretical account end product for each parametric quantity, Ti is the existent value for each parametric quant ity, I is the parametric quantity index. In this survey, for a given set of ANFIS parametric quantities, three web architectures were developed for each parametric quantity in order to obtain the optimum length of cross-validation informations set that provides the high degree of anticipation truth. The table 3 verifies that, taking one tierce of the information records was non sufficient.The chief ground for this is there was non adequate information record for the preparation procedure, which made it hard to make the mistake end. On the other manus, when one ten percent of the information was used for the cross proof procedure, the high degrees of mistake were observed. Choosing one ten percent of informations records lead to failing in observing the characteristics of the expected information set in anticipation procedure.It appears from the tabular array that the MAE was lessening to the about half for the ANFIS faculty that adopted to foretell the T.D.S. after using the one fif th of the information record comparing with cross-validation length equal to tierce.Furthermore, the MAE for the ANFIS that used to foretell the TURB equal to 36.54 when cross-validation equal to one ten percent, while truth ANFIS reduces this mistake to 20.52 after cross proofs equal to one fifth of information record was introduced. Same scenario was obtained in the faculty that used to foretell the COND. As complete, the optimal degree of truth was achieved by choosing the length of the cross-validation equal to one fifth of the information record.After select the optimum length of cross-validation, a comparing between the ANFIS faculties and WDT-ANFIS faculties will present in order to analyze the effectivity of the proposed faculties to foretell WQP. Fig.7 demonstrates the public presentation of the WDT-ANFIS during preparation and cross-validation procedure. It s obvious in Fig. 7 that the public presentation end of was achieved in less than 100 eras, while the same end could non be achieved in Fig. 3. This consequence depicts that the WDT-ANFIS capable to devour the clip.Apparently from Fig. 8 that the WDT-ANFIS based faculty outperformed the ANFIS and was able to offer betterment in anticipation truth of TURB with MAE equal to 0.1. While, inefficient public presentation was observed harmonizing to ANFIS faculty when the MAE was exceed 20. It is apparent with the addition of noise strength the WQP will hold more accurate anticipation value through the informations de-noised by WDT than those without de-noising. This indicates the high quality of WDT in change the information.Apparently, the ANFIS faculty that used to foretell the T.D.S was able to accomplish acceptable consequence after using ingrained information. This consequence figures out that the ANFIS faculty can efficaciously bugger off nonlinearity in input/output function. to a greater extent sweetenings in anticipation of T.D.S were achieved after using WDT-ANFIS. Where the truth was be tterment eight times comparing with the ANFIS faculty.Albeit the mistake while proving is consider comparatively high comparing with preparation and cross- proof stage, achieve a MAE do nt transcend 3.4 which is consider best consequence in predict the T.D.S. This consequence showed that the WDT-ANFIS faculty could be considered as the appropriate mold technique for anticipation such WQP.It can besides be observed that the WDT-ANFIS faculty outperformed the ANFIS faculty and was able to supply betterment in anticipation truth for COND. It can be sight that the WDT-ANFIS was capable of accomplishing high degree of truth in anticipation phase equal to 2.2, while inefficient public presentation was observed harmonizing to the ANFIS faculty when the per centum of MAE exceed 25.Over all, in this research, the WDT-ANFIS can hence be declared as the best web architecture because it outperforms ANFIS. These consequences show that the WDT-ANFIS theoretical account was non merely capable of bettering the truth of WQPP but the theoretical account besides was capable of capturing the temporal forms of the H2O quality which allowed it to supply important sweetening in anticipation. As a consequence, ANFIS module become more capable to capture the moral force and the complex processes that hidden in the informations itself for WQP after augmented it with WDT.The above observation is farther illustrated in Fig.9 demoing the public presentation of WDT-ANFIS faculties while preparation, cross-validation and anticipation procedure for the WQP. It is obvious from the Fig. 9 ( a ) that the proposed faculty that adopted to foretell the COND was capable to placing the complex non-linear relationship between input and end product informations where merely one fifth of records were used during anticipation. It is clear from the figure that the maximal per centum mistake for all the trained and cross-validation records is merely 1.85 % and 1.2 % severally. While, the maximal per cent um mistake for all the predicted records is merely 3.9 % . This consequence reveals that the proposed faculty able to imitating the existent behaviour of the COND in the H2O organic structure.In order to salvage clip and avoid making independent faculty to each parametric quantity, old faculty that utilized to foretell the COND will follow and examined to foretell the T.D.S. it can be noticed from Fig. 9 ( B ) that using one parametric quantity as input does non let the WDT-ANFIS faculty to hold the exposure to enough input kineticss and the chance to be suitably evaluated during cross-validation procedure. Consequently, the mistake degrees during the anticipation procedure may get down to be larger than those obtained during transverse proof. As a consequence, the system may non be able to keep the same degrees of truth for both the cross proof and anticipation procedure. Even though the degree of mistakes in the anticipation phase is comparatively high, moderately good consequence was obtained for the anticipation of T.D.S where maximal per centum mistakes during anticipation procedure did non transcend 10 %Ali et at. 20 adopted RBF-NN to foretell the TURB at Johor River Basin. High degree of mistake was obtained due to one parametric quantity was used as input to the faculty. In this portion of this paper, three parametric quantities were introduced as input to the faculty after investigated the correlational statistics between the inputs and end product. Fig.9 ( degree Celsius ) shows the faculty public presentation while preparation, cross proof and anticipation for TURB. It can detect that the maximal mistake in preparation procedure is falling within 0.05 % which indicates that the theoretical account able gaining control the relationships between input/output. Although the mistake of anticipation phase equal to four times the mistake in cross-validation, the faculty provides high degree of truth comparing with the other faculties that used to forete ll the COND and T.D.S where the maximal per centum mistake for all the predicted records is merely 0.21 % .DecisionAdaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System ( ANFIS ) can cover with extremely variable, lingual, obscure and unsure informations or cognition. Therefore, this manuscript employs ANFIS theoretical account as a feasible agencies to foretell three H2O quality parametric quantities Electrical CONDuctivity ( COND ) , Total Dissolved Solids ( T.D.S ) and TURBidity ( TURB ) at Johor River basin, Malaysia. However, legion incompatibilities in information records are observed in the informations that mensurating by Department of Environment ( DOE ) monitoring Stationss owing to systematic mistakes, random mistakes and mistakes associated with informations entry. This blunt mismatch generate noise corrupted the records of the existent value of the parametric quantities. Therefore, the truth of the ANFIS is significantly affected by such mistakes nature and forms of the monitored info rmations. In order to predominate over these insufficiencies, ANFIS theoretical account is augmented with Wavelet De-noising Technique ( WDT ) to better the truth. The consequence shown that the WDT can be applied successfully and lend to heighten the truth of H2O quality anticipation by synthesis it with ANFIS algorithm.RecognitionsThe writers wish to thank Department Of Environment for supplying the needed informations for developing this research and to Dr. Sundarambal Palani for her incursion and counsel throughout this research. This research was supported by the research grant for the 2nd and 3rd writers from University Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM-GUP-PLW-08-13-308.